It is usually orally taken in a solid or liquid form.

REFERENCES

1. Sticher-O: Ginkgo biloba: A Modern Phytomedicine, Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zuerich (1993)138(3): 125-168
2. Dana Canedy: Real Medicine or Medicine Show? Growth of Herbal Sales Raises Issues About Value. New York Times. July 23, 1998:C1.
3. Duke, James A.: Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press, 1992. ISBN 0849371929
4. Sticher O: Quality of Ginkgo Preparation, Planta Med (1993 Feb) 59(1):2-11, Zuerich (1993)138(3): 125-168
5. Pincemail J, Thirion A, Dupuis M, Braquet P, Drieu K, Deby C: Ginkgo biloba Extract Inhibits Oxygen Species Production Generated by Phorbolmyristate Acetate Stimulated Human Leukocytes, Experientia (1987 Feb 15)
6. Ramassamy C Naudin B Christen Y Clostre F Costentin J: Prevention by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and trolox C of the decrease in synaptosomal dopamine or serotonin uptake following incubation, Biochem Pharmacol (1992 Dec 15) 44(12):2395-401
7. Ramassamy C Christen Y Clostre F Costentin J: The Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb761, increases synaptosomal uptake of 5- hydroxytryptamine: in-vitro and ex-vivo studies, J Pharm Pharmacol (1992 Nov) 44(11):943-5
8. Ramassamy C Girbe F Christen Y Costentin J: Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 or trolox C prevent the ascorbi acid/Fe2+ induced decrease in synaptosomal membrane fluidity, Free Radic Res Commun (1993) 19(5):341-50
9. Moreau JP, Eck CR, McCabe J, Skinner S: Absorption, Distribution and Elimination of a Labeled Extract of Ginkgo biloba Leaves in the Rat, (Absorption, distribution et elimination de l''extrait marque de feuilles deGinkgo biloba chez le rat), Presse Med (1986 Sep 25) 15(31):1458-61 (Published in French)
10. Mark Blumenthal: The Complete Commission E Monographs, American Botanical Council, 1998, ISBN 096555550X
11. Fourtillan JB, Brisson AM, Girault J, Ingrand I, Decourt JP, Drieu K, Jouenne P, Biber A: Pharmacokinetic Properties of Bilobalide and Ginkgolides A and B in Healthy Subjects after Intravenous and Oral Administration of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb761) (Proprietes pharmacocinetiques du Bilobalide et des Ginkgolides A et B chez lesujet sain apres administrations intraveineuses et orales d''extrait de Ginkgobiloba (EGb 761), Therapie (1995 Mar-Apr) 50(2):137-44 (Published in French)
12. Oken BS, Storzbach DM, Kaye JA: The Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba on Cognitive Function in Alzheimer Disease, Arch Neurol 1998 Nov;55(11):1409-15
13. Hopfenmuller W: Evidence for a Therapeutic Effect of Ginkgo biloba Special Extract: Meta-Analysis of 11 Clinical Trials in Patients with Cerebrovascular Insufficiency in Old Age. Arzneim Forsch. 1994;44:1005-1013
14. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P: Ginkgo biloba for Cerebral Insufficiency, Br J Clin Pharmacol . 1992:34:352-358
15. The Journal of the American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation, Ginkgo biloba Extract--Efficacy in Early Stage Alzheimer''s Disease, # 34 - Summer 1995
16. Allard M:Treatment of the Disorders of Aging with Ginkgo biloba Extract. From pharmacology to Clinical Medicine, PRESSE MED 1986 Sep 25; 15(31):1540-5 (Published in FRENCH)
17. Itil T, Martorano D: Natural Substances in Psychiatry (Ginkgo biloba in Dementia), Psychopharmacol Bull 31:147-158; 1995
18. Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AF: A Placebo-controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial of an Extract of Ginkgo biloba for Dementia. North American EGb Study Group. York Institute for Medical Research
19. Allain H Raoul P Lieury A LeCoz F Gandon JM d''Arbigny P: Effect of two doses of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the dual- coding test in elderly subjects, Clin Ther (1993 May-Jun) 15(3):549-58
20. Grassel E: Effect of Ginkgo-Biloba extract on Mental Performance, Fortschr Med (1992 Feb 20) 110(5):73-6 (Published in German)
21. Rai GS, Shovlin C, Wesnes KA: A Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Study of Ginkgo biloba Extract In Elderly Out-patients with Mild to Moderate Memory Impairment, Curr Med Res Opin 12:350-355; 1991
22. Stoll S, Scheuer K, Pohl O, Muller WE: Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) Independently Improves Changes in Passive Avoidance Learning and Brain Membrane Fluidity in the Aging Mouse., Pharmacopsychiatry 1996 Jul;29(4):144-9
23. Hofferberth B: The effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract on Neurophysiological and Psychometric measurement Results in Patients with Psychotic Organic Brain Syndrome, A Double-blind Study Against Placebo (Einfluss von Ginkgo biloba-Extrakt auf neurophysiologische und psychometrischeMessergebnisse bei Patienten mit hirnorganischem Psychosyndrom. EineDoppelblindstudie gegen Plazebo), Arzneimittelforschung (1989 Aug) 39(8):918-22 (Published in German)
24. Lebuisson DA, Leroy L, Rigal G: Treatment of Senile Macular Degeneration with Ginkgo biloba Extract. A Preliminary Double-blind Drug vs. Placebo Study (Traitement des degenerescences "maculaires seniles" par l''extrait de Ginkgobiloba. Etude preliminaire a double insu face au placebo). Presse Med (1986 Sep 25) 15(31):1556-8 (Published in French)
25. Raabe A, Raabe M, Ihm P: Therapeutic follow-up using automatic perimetry in chronic cerebroretinalischemia in elderly patients. Prospective Double-blind Study with Graduated Dose Ginkgo biloba Treatment (EGb 761)] (Therapieverlaufskontrolle mittels automatisierter Perimetrie bei chronischer zerebroretinaler Mangelversorgung alterer Patienten. Prospektive randomisierte Doppelblinduntersuchung mit dosisgestaffelter Ginkgo biloba-Behandlung (EGb761), Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd (1991 Dec) 199(6):432-8 (Published in German)
26. Schaffler K, Reeh PW: Double blind study of the hypoxia protective effect of a standardized Ginkgobiloba preparation after repeated administration in healthy subjects (Doppelblindstudie zur hypoxieprotektiven Wirkung eines standardisierten Ginkgo-Biloba-Praparates nach Mehrfachverabreichung an gesunden Probanden), Arzneimittelforschung (1985) 35(8):1283-6 (Published in German)
27. P Eber O: Collagen-induced Thrombocyte Aggregation in Parenteral Therapy Using Ginkgobiloba (Die kollageninduzierte Thrombozytenaggregation unter parenteraler Ginkgo-biloba-Therapie)., Wien Med Wochenschr (1989 Mar 15) 139(5):92-4 (Published in German)
28. Touvay C, Etienne A, Braquet P: Inhibition of Antigen-induced Lung Anaphylaxis in theGuinea-pig by BN 52021 a New specific Paf-acether Receptor Antagonist Isolated from Ginkgo biloba, Agents Actions (1986 Jan) 17(3-4):371-2
29. Chung Kuo, Chung Hsi I, Chieh Ho, Tsa Chih: Effects of Ginkgo Leave Concentrated Oral Liquor in Treating Asthma [Article in Chinese], 1997 Apr;17(4):216-8
30. Haguenauer JP, et al.: Treatment of Disturbances of Equilibrium with Ginkgo biloba Extract. A Multicentre, Double-Blind, Drug versus Placebo Study, Presse Med 15:1569-1572; 1986
31. Cano Cuenca B, Marco Algarra J, Perez del Valle B, Pellicer Pascual FJ: (The Effect of Ginkgo biloba on Cochleovestibulary Pathology of Vascular origin.)[Article in Spanish], Bergne An Otorrinolaringol Ibero Am 1995;22(6):619-29
32. Warburton DM: Clinical Psychopharmacology of Ginkgo biloba Extract (Psycho-pharmacologie clinique de l''extrait de Ginkgo biloba), Presse Med (1986 Sep 25) 15(31):1595-604 (Published in French)
33. Loas G, Rose D, Nowaczkowski P, Lernout P, Duron B: Exploratory Study of Amitriptyline Resistance in Depressed Patients: results of WHO French collaborating center on depressions resistant to treatments].[Article in French] Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 1996 Jun;154(3):202-3, Hopital Pinel, Amiens, France
34. Kleijnen J Knipschild P: Ginkgo biloba for Cerebral Insufficiency, Br J Clin Pharmacol (1992 Oct) 34(4):352-8
35. Clostre F: From the Body to the Cell Membrane: The Different Levels of Pharmacological Action of Ginkgo biloba Extract, PRESSE MED 1986 Sep 25; 15(31):1529-38 (Published in FRENCH)
36. Hitzenberger G: The Effect of Ginkgo biloba Special Extract (EGb 761, Tebofortan), Wien Med Wochenschr (1992) 142(17):371-9 (Published in German)
37. Koltringer P Langsteger W Klima G Reisecker F Eber O: Hemorheologic Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761. Dose-dependent effect of EGb 761 on microcirculation and viscoelasticity of blood, Fortschr Med (1993 Apr 10) 111(10):170-2 (Published in German)
38. Hopfenmuller W: Proof of the Therapeutical Effectiveness of a Ginko Biloba Special Extract - meta-analysis of 11 clinical trials in aged patients with cerebral insufficiency, Arzneim-Forsch (GERMANY) 44:1005-1013; 1994
39. Etienne A Hecquet F Clostre F: Mechanism of Action of Ginkgo biloba Extract in Experimental Cerebral Edema, (Mecanismes d''action de l''extrait de Ginkgo biloba sur l''oedeme cerebral experimental), Presse Med (1986 Sep 25) 15(31):1506-10
40. Otani M Chatterjee SS Gabard B Kreutzberg GW: Effect of an Extract of Ginkgo biloba on Triethyltin-Induced Cerebral Edema, ACTA NEUROPATHOL (BERL) (1986) 69(1-2):54-65
41. Apaydin C Oguz Y Agar A Yargicoglu P Demir N Aksu G: Visual evoked potentials and optic nerve histopathology in normal and diabetic rats and effect of Ginkgo biloba extract, In: Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) (1993 Oct) 71(5):623-8
42. Doly M, Droy-Lefaix MT, Braquet P: Oxidative Stress in DiabeticRetina. EXS 62:299-307; 1992.
43. Lanthony P, Cosson JP: The Course of Color Vision in Early Diabetic Retinopathy Treated with Ginkgo biloba Extract. A Preliminary Double-blind Versus Placebo Study (Evolution de la vision des couleurs dans la retinopathie diabetique debutantetraitee par extrait de Ginkgo biloba. Etude preliminaire a double insu contreplacebo), J Fr Ophtalmol (1988) 11(10):671-4 (Published in French)
44. Hoffmann F Beck C Schutz A Offermann P: Ginkgo extract EGb 761 (tenobin)/HAES versus naftidrofuryl (Dusodril)/HAES. A Randomized Study of Therapy of Sudden Deafness: Laryngorhinootologie (1994 Mar) 73(3):149-52 (Published in German)
45. Olivier-J; Plath-P: Combined Low Power Laser Therapy and Extracts of Ginkgo biloba in a Blind Trial of Treatment for Tinnitus, Laser Therapy (1993) 5(3): 137-139
46. Holgers KM Axelsson A Pringle I: Ginkgo biloba Extract for the Treatment of Tinnitus, Audiology (1994 Mar-Apr) 33(2):85-92
47. Dubreuil C: Therapeutic Trial in Acute Cochlear Deafness. A Comparative Study of Ginkgo biloba Extract and Nicergoline (Essai therapeutique dans les surdites cochleaires aigues. Etude comparative del''extrait de Ginkgo biloba et de la nicergoline), Presse Med (1986 Sep 25) 15(31):1559-61 (Published in French)
48. Gonda R Takeda K Shimizu N Tomoda M: Characterization of a Neutral Polysaccharide Having Activity on the Reticuloendothelial System from the Rhizome of Curcuma Longa, Chem PharmBull (Tokyo)(1992 Jan)40(1):185-8
49. Atzori C Bruno A Chichino G Bombardelli E Scaglia M Ghione M: Activity of Bilobalide, a Sesquiterpene from Ginkgo bilobavon Pneumocystis Carinii, In: Antimicrob Agents Chemother (1993 Jul) 37(7):1492-6
50. Tamborini A Taurelle R: Value of Standardized Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) in the Management of Congestive Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome, Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet (1993 Jul-Sep) 88(7-9):447-57 (Published in French)
51. Ernst E.: Ginkgo biloba Extract in Peripheral Arterial Diseases: A Systematic Research Based on Controlled Studies in the Literature. Fortsch Med. 1996;114:85-87
52. Roncin J, Schwartz F, D''Arbigny P: EGb 761 in Control of Acute Mountain sickness and Vascular reactivity to Cold Exposure. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1996;67:445-452
53. Schneider B: Ginkgo biloba Extract in Peripheral Arterial Diseases. Meta-analysis of Controlled Clinical Studies. Arzneim Forschung 42:428-436; 1992
54. Jung F, Mrowietz C, Kiesewetter H, Wenzel E: Effect of Ginkgo biloba on Fluidity of Blood and Peripheral Microcirculation in Volunteers, Arzneimittelforschung (1990 May) 40(5):589-93
55. Bauer U: 6-Month Double-blind Randomised Clinical Trial of Ginkgo biloba Extract Versus placebo in Two Parallel Groups in Patients Suffering from Peripheral Arterial insufficiency, Arzneimittelforschung (1984) 34(6):716-2079
56. Peters H, Kieser M, Holscher U: Demonstration of the Efficacy of Special Extract EGb 761 on Intermittent Claudication--a Placebo-Controlled, Double-blind Multicenter trial. Vasa 1998 May;27(2):106-10
57. Itokawa H, Totsuka N, Nakahara K, Maezuru M, Takeya K, Kondo M, Inamatsu M, Morita H: A Quantitative Structure-activity Relationship for antitumor Activity of Long-chain Phenols from Ginkgo biloba L., Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) (1989 Jun) 37(6):1619-21
58. Bolanos-Jimenez F, Manhaes de Castro R, Sarhan H, Prudhomme N, Drieu K, FillionG: Stress-induced 5-HT1A Receptor Desensitization: Protective Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761), Fundam Clin Pharmacol (1995) 9(2):169-74
59. Emerit I, Arutyunyan R, Oganesian N, Levy A, Cernjavsky L, Sarkisian T, Pogossian A, Asrian K: Radiation-induced Clastogenic Factors: Anticlastogenic Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract, Free Radic Biol Med (1995 Jun) 18(6):985-91
60. Kose K, Dogan P: Lipoperoxidation Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in Human Erythrocyte Membranes. 2. Comparison of the Antioxidant Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761)With Those of Water-soluble and Lipid-soluble Antioxidants, J Int Med Res (1995 Jan-Feb) 23(1):9-18
61. Pietri S, Seguin JR, d''Arbigny P, Drieu K, Culcasi M: Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) Pretreatment Limits free Radical-induced Oxidative Stress in Patients Undergoing Coronary Bypass Surgery. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997 Apr;11(2):121-31
62. Castelli D, Colin L, Camel E, Ries G: Pretreatment of Skin with a Ginkgo biloba Extract/Sodium Carboxymethyl-beta-1,3-glucan Formulation Appears to Inhibit the Elicitation of Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Man, Contact Dermatitis 1998 Mar;38(3):123-6
63. Rowin J, Lewis SL: Spontaneous Bilateral Subdural Hematomas Associated with Chronic Ginkgo biloba Ingestion. Neurology 1996;46:1775-6
64. Rosenblatt M, and Mindel J: Spontaneous Hyphema Associated with Ingestion of Ginkgo biloba Extract NEJM (1997)336;15:1108
65. Bergner, P: Drug-herb Interactions, Medical Herbalism 1997;9(2):1
66. Lepoittevin JP Benezra C Asakawa Y: Allergic contact dermatitis to Ginkgo biloba L.: Relationship with Urushiol., Arch Dermatol Res (1989) 281(4):227-30
67. Tomb RR, Foussereau J, Sell Y: Mini-epidemic of Contact Dermatitis from Ginkgo Tree Fruit (Ginkgo biloba L.).In: Contact Dermatitis (1988 Oct) 19(4):281-33
68. American Herbal Products Asociation: Handbook of Botanical Safety, Edited by McCuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A: CRC Press 1997

Additional References:

• Duke, James A.: Handbook of Biologically Active Phytochemicals and Their Activities, Boca Raton, FL., CRC Press, 1992

• Duke, James A.: Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press, 1992. ISBN 0849371929
• Mark Blumenthal: The Complete Commision E Monographs, American Botanical Council, 1997, ISBN 096555550X
• Edited by Timothy R. Tomlinson and Olayiwola Akerele: Medicinal Plants, Their Role in Health and Biodiversity, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998
• Reader Digest: The Family Guide to Natural Medicine, 1993, the Reader''s Digest Association, Inc., ISBN 0-89577-433-X
• Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D: Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, 2 ^nd ed, Prima Publishing, 1998, ISBN 0-7615-1157-1
• Time Life: The Drug and Natural Medicine Advisor, 1997, Time-Life Books, ISBN 0-7835-4938-5/ 0-7835-5300-5
• Michael A Weiner, Ph.D & Janet A. Weiner: Herbs that Heal, 1994, Quantum Books, ISBN 0-912845-11
• Ara Der Marderosian, Ph.D and Lawrence E. Liberti, MS: Natural Products Medicine, 1988, George F.
• Michael A Weiner, Ph.D & Janet A. Weiner: Herbs that Heal, 1994, Quantum Books, ISBN 0-912845-11
• Michael Tierra, C.A., N.D.: The Way of Herbs, Pocket Books, 1990, ISBN, 0-671-72403-7
• Michael Castleman: The Healing Herbs ,Bantam Books, 1991, ISBN 0-553-56988-0
• Edited by Timothy R. Tomlinson and Olayiwola Akerele: Medicinal Plants, Their Role in Health and Biodiversity, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998
• Edited by C.K. Atal and M. Kapur: Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, Regional Research Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Jammu-Tawi, 1982
• Clinical and Psychometric Aspects of the Therapeutic Effects of GBE: Effects of GBE and Organic Cerebral Impairment, Paris, London, John Lilley, 1985
• Letzel H, Schoop W: Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 and pentoxifylline in intermittent claudication. Secondary analysis of the clinical effectiveness. [Article in German] Vasa 1992;21(4):403-10
• Drug-herb Interactions, Medical Herbalism 1997
• Chinn E, Silverthorne J, Hohtola A: Light-regulated and Organ-specific Expression of types 1, 2, and 3 Light-Harvesting Complex b mRNAs in Ginkgo biloba, Plant Physiol (1995 Feb) 107(2):593-602
• Chinn E, Silverthorne J: Light-dependent Chloroplast Development and Expression of a Light- harvesting Chlorophyll a/b-binding Protein Gene in the Gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba, Plant Physiol (1993 Nov) 103(3):727-
• Michel PF: The Doyen of Trees: The Ginkgo biloba (Le doyen des arbres: le Ginkgo biloba), Presse Med (1986 Sep 25) 15(31):1450-4 (Published in French)
• Stucker O, Pons C, Duverger JP, Drieu K, D''Arbigny P: Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) on the Vasospastic Response of Mouse Ccutaneous Arterioles to Platelet Activation, Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1997 Mar-Apr;17(2):61-6
• Taillandier J, Ammar A, Rabourdin JP, Ribeyre JP, Pichon J, Niddam S, Pierart H: Treatment of Cerebral Aging Disorders with Ginkgo biloba Extract. A Longitudinal Multicenter Double-blind Drug vs. Placebo study (Traitement des troubles du vieillissement cerebral par l''extrait de Ginkgobiloba. Etude longitudinale multicentrique a double insu face au placebo), Presse Med (1986 Sep 25) 15(31):1583-7 (Published in French)
• Long R Yin R Zhen Y: Partial Purification and Analysis of Allergenicity, Immunogenicity of Ginkgo biloba L. Pollen, Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao (1992 Sep) 23(4):429-32 (Published in Chinese)
• Joyeux M, Lobstein A, Anton R, Mortier F: Comparative antilipoperoxidant, antinecrotic and scavenging Properties of Terpenes and Biflavones from Ginkgo and Some Flavonoids, Planta Med (1995 Apr) 61(2):126-9

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