Dicloxacillin sodium is a semisynthetic antibiotic substance which resists destruction by the enzyme penicillinase (beta-lactamase). It is monosodium (2S,5R,6R)-6-(3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)5-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-OXO-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0] heptane-2-carboxylate monohydrate.

Dicloxacillin is administered orally via capsule form or powder for reconstitution.

Inactive Ingredients: Capsules: Magnesium Stearate.

• Capsule Shell and print Constituents:
• D& C Yellow #10 Aluminum Lake,
• FD& C Blue #l Aluminum Lake,
• FD& C Blue #2 Aluminum Lake,
• FD& C Red #40 Aluminum Lake,
• Gelatin, Pharmaceutical Glaze, Silicon Dioxide, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Synthetic Black Iron Oxide, Tiinium Dioxide and may contain Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium and/or Propylene Glycol.

Last updated on RxList: 12/8/2004

Dicloxacillin is indicated in the treatment of infections caused by penicillinase-producing staphylococci which have demonstrated susceptibility to the drug. Cultures and susceptibility tests should be performed initialty to determine the causative organisms and their sensitivity to the drug. (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY - Susceptibility plate Testing).

Dicloxacilin may be used to initiate therapy in suspected cases of resistant staphylococcal infections prior to the availability of laboratory test results. The penicillinase-resistant penicillins should not be used in infections caused by organisms susceptible to penicillin G. If the susceptibility tests indicate that the infection is due to an organism other than a resistant staphylococcus therapy should not be continued with a penicillinase-resistant penicillin.

Bacteriologic studies to determine the causative organisms and their sensitivity to the penicillinase-resistant penicillins should always be performed. Duration of therapy varies with the type and severity of infection as well as the overall condition of the patient, therefore it should be determined by the clinical and bacteriological response of the patient. In severe staphylococcal infections, therapy with penicillinase-resistant penicillins should be continued for at least 14 days. Therapy should be continued for at least 48 hours after the patient has become afebrile, asymptomatic and cultures are negative. The treatment of endocarditis and osteomyelitis may require a longer term of therapy.

Concurrent administration of the penicillinase-resistant penicillins and probenecid increases and prolongs serum penicillin levels.

Probencid decreases the apparent volume of distribution and slows the rate of excretion by competitively inhibiting renal tubular secretion of penicillin. Penicillin-probenecid therapy is generally limited to those infections where very high serum levels of penicillin are necessary.

Oral preparations of the penicillinase-resistant penicillins should not be used as initial therapy in serious, life-threatening infections (see PRECAUTIONS - General). Oral therapy with the penicillinase-resistant penicillins may be used to follow up the previous use of a parenteral agent as soon as the clinical condition warrants. for Intramuscular gluteal injections, care should be taken to avoid sciatic nerve injury. With intravenous administration, particularly in elderly patients, care should be taken because of the possibility of thrombophlebitis.

NB: INFECTIONS CAUSED BY GROUP A BETA-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI SHOULD BE TREATED FOR AT LEAST 10 DAYS TO HELP PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OF ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER OR ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS.

Dicloxacillin Sodium Capsules, USP.

250 mg: Each capsule contains dicloxacillin sodium monohydrate equivalent to 250 mg dicloxacillin, with a light green cap and body imprinted "biocraft 02", available in bottles of 40, 100, 500 and Unit Dose cartons of 100 (10 x 10).

500 mg: Each capsule contains dicloxacillin sodium monohydrate equivalent to 500 mg dicloxacillin. with a light green cap and body imprinted "biocraft 04", available in bottles of 30, 40, 50, 100, 500 and Unit Dose cartons of 100 (10 x 10).

Last updated on RxList: 12/8/2004

Body as a Whole

The reported incidence of allergic reactions to penicillin ranges from 0.7% to 10% (see WARNINGS). Sensitization is usually the result of treatment, but some individuals have had immediate reactions to penicillin when first treated in such cases it is thought that the patients may have had prior exposure to the drug via trace amounts present in milk and vaccines.

Two types of allergic reactions to penicillin are noted clinically immediate and delayed.

Immediate reactions usually occur within 20 minutes of administration and range in severity from urticaria and pruritus to angioneurotic edema, iaryngospasm, bronchospasm, hypotension, vascular collapse and death. Such immediate anaphylatic reactions are very rare (see WARNINGS) and usually occur after parenteral therapy, but have occurred in patients receiving oral therapy. Another type of immediate reaction, an accelerated reaction, may occur between 20 minutes and 48 hours after administration and may include urticaria, pruritus and fever. Although Iaryngeal edema, laryngospasm and hypotension occasionally occur, fatality is uncommon.

Delayed allergic reactions to penicillin therapy usually occur after 48 hours and sometimes as late as two to four weeks after initiation of therapy. Manifestations of this type of reaction include serum sickness-like symptoms (ie, fever, malaise, urticarii, myalgia, arthralgia, abdominal pain) and various skin rashes. Nausea. vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, black or harry tongue and other symptoms of gastrointestinal irritation may occur, especially during oral penicillin therapy .

Nervous System REACTIONS

Neurotoxic reactions similar to those observed with penicillin G may occur with large intravenous doses of the peniciilinase-resistant penicillins, especially with patients with renal insufficiency.

Urogenital REACTIONS

Renal tubular damage and interstitial nephritis have been associated with the administration of methicin sodium and infrequently, with the administration of nafcillin and oxacillin. Manifestations of this reacti on may include rash, fever, eosinophilia, hematuria, proteinuria and renal insufficiency. Methicillin-induced nephropathy does not appear to be dose-related and is generally reversible upon prompt discontinuation of therapy.

Metabolic REACTIONS

Agranulocytosis, neutropenia and bone marrow depression have been associated with the use of methicin sodium and nafcillin.

Hepatotoxicity, characterized by fever, nausea and vomiting associated with abnormal liver function tests, mainly elevated SGOT levels, has been associated with the use of oxacillin.

Tetracycline, a bacteriostatic antibiotic, may antagonize the bactercidal effect of penicillin and concurrent use of these drugs should be avoided.

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Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic shock with collapse) reactions have occurred in patients receiving penicillin. The incidence of anaphylactic shock in all penicillin-treated patients is between 0.015% and 0.04%. Anaphylactic shock resulting in death has occurred in approximately 0.002% of the patients treated. Although anaphylaxis is more frequent following a parenteral administration, it has occurred in patients receiving oral penicillins.

When penicillin therapy is indicated, it should be initiated only after a comprehensive patient drug and allergy history has been obtained. If an allergic reaction occurs, the drug should be discontinued and the patient should receive supportive treatment, eg, artificial maintenance of ventilation, pressor amines, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Individuals with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity may also experience allergic reactions when treated with a cephalosporin.

General

Dicloxacillin should generally not be administered to patients with a history of sensitivity to any penicillin.

Penicillin should be used with caution in individuals with histories of significant allergies and/or asthma. Whenever allergic reactions occur, penicillin should be withdrawn unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition being treated is life-threatening and amenable only to penicillin therapy.

The oral route of administration should not be relied upon in patients with severe illness, or with nausea, vomiting, gastric dilatation, cardiospasm or intestinal hypermotility. Occasionally, patients will not absorb therapeutic amounts of orally administered penicillin. The use of antibiotics may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms. If new infections due to bacteria or fungi occur, the drug should be discontinued and appropriate measures taken.

Information for the Patient

See PATIENT INFORMATION section.

Laboratory Tests

Bacteriologic studies to determine the causative organisms and their susceptibility to the penicillinase- resistant penicillins should be performed (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY - Microbiology). In the treatment of suspected staphylococcnl infections therapy should be changed to another active agent if culture tests fail to demonstrate the presence of staphylococci.

Periodic assessment of organ system function, including renal, hepatic and hematopoietic should be made during prolonged therapy with the penicillinase-resistant penicillins.

Blood cultures white blood cell and differential cell counts should be obtained prior to initiation of therapy and at least weekly during therapy with pencillinase-resistant penicillins.

Periodic urinalysis blood urea nitrogen and creatinine determinations should be performed during therapy with the penicillinase-resistant penicillins and dosage alterations should be considered if these values become elevated It any impairment of renal function is suspected or known to exist a reduction in the total dosage should be considered and blood levels monitored to avoid possible neurotoxin reactions (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

SGOT and SGPT values should be obtained periodically during therapy to monitor tor possible liver function abnormalities.

Drug Interactions

Tetracycline. a bacteriostatic antibiotic may antagonize the bacterci dal effect of penicillin and concurrent use of these drugs should be avoided.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

No long-term animal studies have been conducted with these drugs

Studies on reproduction (nafcillin) in rats and rabbits reveal no fetal or maternal abnormalities before conception and continuously through weaning (one generation).

Pregnancy Category B

Reproduction studies performed in the mouse, rat and rabbit have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to the pencillinase-resistant pencillins. Human experience with the penicillins during pregnancy has not shown any postive evidence of adverse effects on the fetus. There are however, no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women showing conclusively that harmful effects of these drugs on the fetus can be excluded. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Nursing Mothers

Penicillins are excreted in breast milk. Caution should be exercised when penicillins are administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

Because of incompletely developed renal function in newborns, penicillinase-resistant penicillins (especially methicillin) may not be completely excreted, with abnormally high blood levels resulting. Frequent monitoring of blood levels is advisable in this group, with dosage adjustments when necessary. All newborns treated with penicillins should be monitored cioselv for clinical and laboratory evidence of toxic or Adverse effects (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

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No information provided.

A history of a hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reaction to any penicillin is a contraindication.

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Microbiology

Dicloxacillin exerts a bactericidal action against penicillin-susceptible microorganisms during the state of active multiplication. All penicillins inhibit the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall.

The drugs in this class are highly resistant to inactivation by staphylococcal penicillinase and are active against penicillinase-producing and non-penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The penicillinase-resistant penicillins are active in vitro against a variety of other bacteria.

Susceptibility Plate Testing

Quantitative methods of susceptibility testing that require measurements of zone diameters or minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) give the most precise estimates of antibiotic susceptibility. One such procedure has been recommended for use with discs to test susceptibility to this class of drugs. Interpretations correlate diameters on the disc test with MIC values.

A penicillinase-resistant class disc may be used to determine microbial susceptibility to dicloxacillin.

TABLE I shows the interpretation of test results for penicillinase-resistant penicillins using the FDA Standard Disc Test Method (formerly Bauer-Kirby-Sherris-Turck method) of disc bacteriological susceptibility testing for staphylococci with a disc containing 5 micrograms of methicillin sodium.

With this procedure, a report from a laboratory of "susceptible" indicates that the infecting organism is likely to respond to therapy. A report of "resistant" indicates that the infecting organism is not likety to respond to therapy. A report of "intermediate" susceptibility suggests that the organism might be susceptible if high doses of the antibiotic are used, or if the infection is confined to tissues and fluids (eg, urine) in which high antibiotic levels are attained.

In general, all staphylococci should be tested against the penicillin G disc and against the methicillin disc. Routine methods of antibiotic susceptibility testing may fail to detect strains of organisms resistant to the penicillinase-resistant penicillins. For this reason, the use of large inocula and 48-hour incubation periods may be necessary to obtain accurate susceptibility studies with these antibiotics. Bacterial strains which are resistant to one of the penicillinase-resistant penicillins should be considered resistant to all of the drugs in the class.

Table 1.

Pharmacokinetics

Methicillin sodium is readily destroyed by gastric acidity and must be administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection. The isoxazolyl penicillins (cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and oxacillin) and nafciliin are more acid-resistant and may be administered orally.

Absorption of the isoxazolyl penicillins after oral administration is rapid but incomplete: peak blood levels are achieved in 1-1.5 hours. In one study, after ingestion of a single 500 mg oral dose, peak serum concentrations range from 5-7 micrograms/milliliter for oxacillin, from 7.5- 14.4 mg/ mL for cloxacillin and from 10-17 mg/mL for dicloxacillin.

Oral absorption of cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin and nafcillin is delayed when the drugs are administered after meals.

Once absorbed, the penicillinase-resistant penicillins bind to serum protein, mainly albumin. The degree of protein binding reported varies with the method of study and the investigator (see TABLE 2).

Table 2.

The penicillinase-resistant penicillins vary in the extent to which they are distributed in the body fluids. With normal doses, insignificant concentrations are found in the cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humor. All the drugs in this class are found in therapeutic concentrations in the pleural, bile and amniotic fluids.

The penicillinase-resistant penicillins are rapidly excreted, primarily as unchanged drug in the urine by glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion The elimination half-life for dicloxacillin is about 0.7 hour. Nonrenal elimination includes hepatic inactivation and excretion in bile.

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Patients receiving penicillins should be given the following information and instructions by the physician:

1. Patients should be told that penicillin is an antibacterial agent which will work with the body's natural defenses to control certain types of infections. They should be told that the drug should not be taken if they have had an allergic reaction to any form of penicillin previously, and to inform the physician of any allergies or previous allergic reactions to any drugs they may have had (see WARNINGS).

2. Patients who have previously experienced an anaphylactic reaction to penicillin should be instructed to wear a medical identification tag or bracelet.

3. Because most antibacterial drugs taken by mouth are best absorbed on an empty stomach, patients should be directed, unless circumstances warrant otherwise, to take penicillin one hour before meals or two hours after eating (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics).

4. Patients should be told to take the entire course of therapy prescribed. even if fever and other symptoms have stopped (see PRECAUTIONS - General).

5. If any of the following reactions occur stop taking your prescription and notify the physiclan shortness of breath wheezing, skin rash, mouth irritation, black tongue, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, swollen joints or any unusual bleeding or bruising (see ADVERSE REACTIONS).

6. Do not take any additional medications without physician approval including nonprescription drugs such as antacids laxatives or vitamins.

7. Discard any liquid forms of penicillin after seven days if stored at room temperature or after 14 days it refrigerated.

Last updated on RxList: 12/8/2004