EVISTA
(raloxifene hydrochloride) Tablet for Oral Use
WARNING: INCREASED RISK OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM AND DEATH FROM STROKE
EVISTA (raloxifene hydrochloride) is an estrogen agonist/antagonist, commonly referred to as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that belongs to the benzothiophene class of compounds. The chemical structure is:
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The chemical designation is methanone, [6-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzo[b]thien-3-yl]-[4-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]-, hydrochloride. Raloxifene hydrochloride (HCl) has the empirical formula C28H27NO4S•HCl, which corresponds to a molecular weight of 510.05. Raloxifene HCl is an off-white to pale-yellow solid that is very slightly soluble in water.
EVISTA is supplied in a tablet dosage form for oral administration. Each EVISTA tablet contains 60 mg of raloxifene HCl, which is the molar equivalent of 55.71 mg of free base. Inactive ingredients include anhydrous lactose, carnauba wax, crospovidone, FD&C Blue No. 2 aluminum lake, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, modified pharmaceutical glaze, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, povidone, propylene glycol, and titanium dioxide.
Last updated on RxList: 10/2/2007
EVISTA is indicated for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women [see Clinical Studies].
EVISTA is indicated for the reduction in risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis [see Clinical Studies].
EVISTA is indicated for the reduction in risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women at high risk of invasive breast cancer [see Clinical Studies].
The effect in the reduction in the incidence of breast cancer was shown in a study of postmenopausal women at high risk for breast cancer with a 5-year planned duration with a median follow-up of 4.3 years [see Clinical Studies]. Twenty-seven percent of the participants received drug for 5 years. The long-term effects and the recommended length of treatment are not known.
High risk of breast cancer is defined as at least one breast biopsy showing lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) or atypical hyperplasia, one or more first-degree relatives with breast cancer, or a 5-year predicted risk of breast cancer ≥ 1.66% (based on the modified Gail model). Among the factors included in the modified Gail model are the following: current age, number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer, number of breast biopsies, age at menarche, nulliparity or age of first live birth. Healthcare professionals can obtain a Gail Model Risk Assessment Tool by dialing 1-800-545-5979. Currently, no single clinical finding or test result can quantify risk of breast cancer with certainty.
After an assessment of the risk of developing breast cancer, the decision regarding therapy with EVISTA should be based upon an individual assessment of the benefits and risks.
EVISTA does not eliminate the risk of breast cancer. Patients should have breast exams and mammograms before starting EVISTA and should continue regular breast exams and mammograms in keeping with good medical practice after beginning treatment with EVISTA.
Important Limitations of Use for Breast Cancer Risk Reduction
The recommended dosage is one 60 mg EVISTA tablet daily, which may be administered any time of day without regard to meals [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY)].
For the indications in risk of invasive breast cancer the optimum duration of treatment is not known [see Clinical Studies].
For either osteoporosis treatment or prevention, supplemental calcium and/or vitamin D should be added to the diet if daily intake is inadequate. Postmenopausal women require an average of 1500 mg/day of elemental calcium. Total daily intake of calcium above 1500 mg has not demonstrated additional bone benefits while daily intake above 2000 mg has been associated with increased risk of adverse effects, including hypercalcemia and kidney stones. The recommended intake of vitamin D is 400-800 IU daily. Patients at increased risk for vitamin D insufficiency (e.g., over the age of 70 years, nursing home bound, or chronically ill) may need additional vitamin D supplements. Patients with gastrointestinal malabsorption syndromes may require higher doses of vitamin D supplementation and measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D should be considered.
60 mg, white, elliptical, film-coated tablets (not scored). They are imprinted on one side with LILLY and the tablet code 4165 in edible blue ink.
EVISTA 60 mg tablets are white, elliptical, and film coated. They are imprinted on one side with LILLY and the tablet code 4165 in edible blue ink. They are available as follows:
| Bottle (count) | NDC Number |
| 30 (unit of use) | NDC 0002-4165-30 |
| 100 (unit of use) | NDC 0002-4165-02 |
| 2000 | NDC 0002-4165-07 |
Store at controlled room temperature, 20º to 25ºC (68º to 77ºF) [see USP]. The USP defines controlled room temperature as a temperature maintained thermostatically that encompasses the usual and customary working environment of 20º to 25ºC (68º to 77ºF); that results in a mean kinetic temperature calculated to be not more than 25ºC; and that allows for excursions between 15º and 30ºC (59º and 86ºF) that are experienced in pharmacies, hospitals, and warehouses.
Eli Lilly and Company., Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA. FDA Rev date: 9/13/2007
Last updated on RxList: 10/2/2007
Because clinical studies are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The data described below reflect exposure to EVISTA in 3385 patients, including 2250 exposed for 1 year and 1972 for at least 3 years.
Osteoporosis Treatment Clinical Trial — The safety of raloxifene in the treatment of osteoporosis was assessed in a large (7705 patients) multinational, placebo-controlled trial. Duration of treatment was 36 months, and 5129 postmenopausal women were exposed to raloxifene (2557 received 60 mg/day, and 2572 received 120 mg/day). The incidence of all-cause mortality was similar between groups: 23 (0.9%) placebo, 13 (0.5%) EVISTA-treated (raloxifene 60 mg), and 28 (1.1%) raloxifene 120 mg women died. Therapy was discontinued due to an adverse reaction in 10.9% of EVISTA-treated women and 8.8% of placebo-treated women.
Venous Thromboembolism: The most serious adverse reaction related to EVISTA was VTE (deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and retinal vein thrombosis). During an average of study-drug exposure of 2.6 years, VTE occurred in about 1 out of 100 patients treated with EVISTA. Twenty-six EVISTA-treated women had a VTE compared to 11 placebo-treated women, the hazard ratio was 2.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.2, 4.5), and the highest VTE risk was during the initial months of treatment.
Common adverse reactions considered to be related to EVISTA therapy were hot flashes and leg cramps. Hot flashes occurred in about one in 10 patients on EVISTA and were most commonly reported during the first 6 months of treatment and were not different from placebo thereafter. Leg cramps occurred in about one in 14 patients on EVISTA.
Placebo-Controlled Osteoporosis Prevention Clinical Trials — The safety of raloxifene has been assessed primarily in 12 Phase 2 and Phase 3 studies with placebo, estrogen, and estrogen-progestin therapy control groups. The duration of treatment ranged from 2 to 30 months, and 2036 women were exposed to raloxifene (371 patients received 10 to 50 mg/day, 828 received 60 mg/day, and 837 received from 120 to 600 mg/day).
Therapy was discontinued due to an adverse reaction in 11.4% of 581 EVISTA-treated women and 12.2% of 584 placebo-treated women. Discontinuation rates due to hot flashes did not differ significantly between EVISTA and placebo groups (1.7% and 2.2%, respectively).
Common adverse reactions considered to be drug-related were hot flashes and leg cramps. Hot flashes occurred in about one in four patients on EVISTA versus about one in six on placebo. The first occurrence of hot flashes was most commonly reported during the first 6 months of treatment.
Table 1 lists adverse reactions occurring in either the osteoporosis treatment or in five prevention placebo- controlled clinical trials at a frequency ≥ 2.0% in either group and in more EVISTA-treated women than in placebo- treated women. Adverse reactions are shown without attribution of causality. The majority of adverse reactions occurring during the studies were mild and generally did not require discontinuation of therapy.
Table 1: Adverse Reactions Occurring in Placebo-Controlled Osteoporosis Clinical Trials at a Frequency ≥ 2.0% and in more EVISTA-Treated (60 mg Once Daily) Women than Placebo-Treated Womena
| Treatment | Prevention | |||
| EVISTA N=2557 % |
Placebo N=2576 % |
EVISTA N=581 % |
Placebo N=584 % |
|
| Body as a Whole | ||||
| Infection | A | A | 15.1 | 14.6 |
| Flu Syndrome | 13.5 | 11.4 | 14.6 | 13.5 |
| Headache | 9.2 | 8.5 | A | A |
| Leg Cramps | 7.0 | 3.7 | 5.9 | 1.9 |
| Chest Pain | A | A | 4.0 | 3.6 |
| Fever | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 2.6 |
| Cardiovascular System | ||||
| Hot Flashes | 9.7 | 6.4 | 24.6 | 18.3 |
| Migraine | A | A | 2.4 | 2.1 |
| Syncope | 2.3 | 2.1 | B | B |
| Varicose Vein | 2.2 | 1.5 | A | A |
| Digestive System | ||||
| Nausea | 8.3 | 7.8 | 8.8 | 8.6 |
| Diarrhea | 7.2 | 6.9 | A | A |
| Dyspepsia | A | A | 5.9 | 5.8 |
| Vomiting | 4.8 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 |
| Flatulence | A | A | 3.1 | 2.4 |
| Gastrointestinal Disorder | A | A | 3.3 | 2.1 |
| Gastroenteritis | B | B | 2.6 | 2.1 |
| Metabolic and Nutritional | ||||
| Weight Gain | A | A | 8.8 | 6.8 |
| Peripheral Edema | 5.2 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 1.9 |
| Musculoskeletal System | ||||
| Arthralgia | 15.5 | 14.0 | 10.7 | 10.1 |
| Myalgia | A | A | 7.7 | 6.2 |
| Arthritis | A | A | 4.0 | 3.6 |
| Tendon Disorder | 3.6 | 3.1 | A | A |
| Nervous System | ||||
| Depression | A | A | 6.4 | 6.0 |
| Insomnia | A | A | 5.5 | 4.3 |
| Vertigo | 4.1 | 3.7 | A | A |
| Neuralgia | 2.4 | 1.9 | B | B |
| Hypesthesia | 2.1 | 2.0 | B | B |
| Respiratory System | ||||
| Sinusitis | 7.9 | 7.5 | 10.3 | 6.5 |
| Rhinitis | 10.2 | 10.1 | A | A |
| Bronchitis | 9.5 | 8.6 | A | A |
| Pharyngitis | 5.3 | 5.1 | 7.6 | 7.2 |
| Cough Increased | 9.3 | 9.2 | 6.0 | 5.7 |
| Pneumonia | A | A | 2.6 | 1.5 |
| Laryngitis | B | B | 2.2 | 1.4 |
| Skin and Appendages | ||||
| Rash | A | A | 5.5 | 3.8 |
| Sweating | 2.5 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 1.7 |
| Special Senses | ||||
| Conjunctivitis | 2.2 | 1.7 | A | A |
| Urogenital System | ||||
| Vaginitis | A | A | 4.3 | 3.6 |
| Urinary Tract Infection | A | A | 4.0 | 3.9 |
| Cystitis | 4.6 | 4.5 | 3.3 | 3.1 |
| Leukorrhea | A | A | 3.3 | 1.7 |
| Uterine Disorderb,c | 3.3 | 2.3 | A | A |
| Endometrial Disorderb | B | B | 3.1 | 1.9 |
| Vaginal Hemorrhage | 2.5 | 2.4 | A | A |
| Urinary Tract Disorder | 2.5 | 2.1 | A | A |
| a A: Placebo incidence greater than or equal to
EVISTA incidence; B: Less than 2% incidence and more frequentwith EVISTA.
b Includes only patients with an intact uterus: Prevention Trials: EVISTA, n=354, Placebo, n=364; Treatment Trial:EVISTA, n=1948, Placebo, n=1999. c Actual terms most frequently referred to endometrial fluid. |
||||
Comparison of EVISTA and Hormone Therapy — EVISTA was compared with estrogen-progestin therapy in three clinical trials for prevention of osteoporosis. Table 2 shows adverse reactions occurring more frequently in one treatment group and at an incidence ≥ 2.0% in any group. Adverse reactions are shown without attribution of causality.
Table 2: Adverse Reactions Reported in the Clinical Trials for Osteoporosis Prevention with EVISTA (60 mg Once Daily) and Continuous Combined or Cyclic Estrogen Plus Progestin (Hormone Therapy) at an Incidence ≥ 2.0% in any Treatment Groupa
| EVISTA (N=317) % |
Hormone Therapy Continuous Combinedc (N=96) % |
Hormone Therapy-Cyclicd (N=219) % |
|
| Urogenital | |||
| Breast Pain | 4.4 | 37.5 | 29.7 |
| Vaginal Bleedingb | 6.2 | 64.2 | 88.5 |
| Digestive | |||
| Flatulence | 1.6 | 12.5 | 6.4 |
| Cardiovascular | |||
| Hot Flashes | 28.7 | 3.1 | 5.9 |
| Body as a Whole | |||
| Infection | 11.0 | 0 | 6.8 |
| Abdominal Pain | 6.6 | 10.4 | 18.7 |
| Chest Pain | 2.8 | 0 | 0.5 |
| a These data are from both blinded and open-label studies. b Includes only patients with an intact uterus: EVISTA, n=290; Hormone Therapy-Continuous Combined, n=67;Hormone Therapy-Cyclic, n=217. c Continuous Combined Hormone Therapy = 0.625 mg conjugated estrogens plus 2.5 mg medroxyprogesteroneacetate. d Cyclic Hormone Therapy = 0.625 mg conjugated estrogens for 28 days with concomitant 5 mgmedroxyprogesterone acetate or 0.15 mg norgestrel on Days 1 through 14 or 17 through 28. |
|||
Breast Pain — Across all placebo-controlled trials, EVISTA was indistinguishable from placebo with regard to frequency and severity of breast pain and tenderness. EVISTA was associated with less breast pain and tenderness than reported by women receiving estrogens with or without added progestin.
Gynecologic Cancers— EVISTA-treated and placebo-treated groups had similar incidences of endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer.
Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Adverse reactions reported since market introduction include — very rarely: retinal vein occlusion, stroke, and death associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE).
Concomitant administration of cholestyramine with EVISTA is not recommended. Although not specifically studied, it is anticipated that other anion exchange resins would have a similar effect. EVISTA should not be co- administered with other anion exchange resins [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
If EVISTA is given concomitantly with warfarin or other coumarin derivatives, prothrombin time should be monitored more closely when starting or stopping therapy with EVISTA [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
EVISTA should be used with caution with certain other highly protein-bound drugs such as diazepam, diazoxide, and lidocaine. Although not examined, EVISTA might affect the protein binding of other drugs. Raloxifene is more than 95% bound to plasma proteins [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
The safety of concomitant use of EVISTA with systemic estrogens has not been established and its use is not recommended.
EVISTA can be concomitantly administered with ampicillin, amoxicillin, antacids, corticosteroids, and digoxin [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
The concomitant use of EVISTA and lipid-lowering agents has not been studied.
Last updated on RxList: 9/26/2007
EVISTA should not be used for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. In a clinical trial of postmenopausal women with documented coronary heart disease or at increased risk for coronary events, no cardiovascular benefit was demonstrated after treatment with raloxifene for 5 years [see Clinical Studies].
In clinical trials, EVISTA-treated women had an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism). Other venous thromboembolic events also could occur. A less serious event, superficial thrombophlebitis, also has been reported more frequently with EVISTA. The greatest risk for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism occurs during the first 4 months of treatment, and the magnitude of risk appears to be similar to the reported risk associated with use of hormone therapy. Because immobilization increases the risk for venous thromboembolic events independent of therapy, EVISTA should be discontinued at least 72 hours prior to and during prolonged immobilization (e.g., post-surgical recovery, prolonged bed rest), and EVISTA therapy should be resumed only after the patient is fully ambulatory. In addition, women taking EVISTA should be advised to move about periodically during prolonged travel. The risk-benefit balance should be considered in women at risk of thromboembolic disease for other reasons, such as congestive heart failure, superficial thrombophlebitis, and active malignancy [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS].
In a clinical trial of postmenopausal women with documented coronary heart disease or at increased risk for coronary events, an increased risk of death due to stroke was observed after treatment with EVISTA. During an average follow-up of 5.6 years, 59 (1.2%) EVISTA-treated women died due to a stroke compared to 39 (0.8%) placebo-treated women (22 versus 15 per 10,000 women-years; hazard ratio 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.00- 2.24; p=0.0499). There was no statistically significant difference between treatment groups in the incidence of stroke (249 in EVISTA [4.9%] versus 224 placebo [4.4%]). EVISTA had no significant effect on all-cause mortality. The risk-benefit balance should be considered in women at risk for stroke, such as prior stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), atrial fibrillation, hypertension, or cigarette smoking [see Clinical Studies].
There is no indication for premenopausal use of EVISTA. Safety of EVISTA in premenopausal women has not been established and its use is not recommended.
EVISTA should be used with caution in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment. Safety and efficacy have not been established in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
EVISTA should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment. Safety and efficacy have not been established in patients with hepatic impairment [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
The safety of concomitant use of EVISTA with systemic estrogens has not been established and its use is not recommended.
Limited clinical data suggest that some women with a history of marked hypertriglyceridemia (> 5.6 mmol/L or > 500 mg/dL) in response to treatment with oral estrogen or estrogen plus progestin may develop increased levels of triglycerides when treated with EVISTA. Women with this medical history should have serum triglycerides monitored when taking EVISTA.
EVISTA has not been adequately studied in women with a prior history of breast cancer.
There is no indication for the use of EVISTA in men. EVISTA has not been adequately studied in men and its use is not recommended.
Any unexplained uterine bleeding should be investigated as clinically indicated. EVISTA-treated and placebo-treated groups had similar incidences of endometrial proliferation [see Clinical Studies].
Any unexplained breast abnormality occurring during EVISTA therapy should be investigated. EVISTA does not eliminate the risk of breast cancer [see Clinical Studies].
Carcinogenesis — In a 21-month carcinogenicity study in mice, there was an increased incidence of ovarian tumors in female animals given 9 to 242 mg/kg, which included benign and malignant tumors of granulosa/theca cell origin and benign tumors of epithelial cell origin. Systemic exposure (AUC) of raloxifene in this group was 0.3 to 34 times that in postmenopausal women administered a 60 mg dose. There was also an increased incidence of testicular interstitial cell tumors and prostatic adenomas and adenocarcinomas in male mice given 41 or 210 mg/kg (4.7 or 24 times the AUC in humans) and prostatic leiomyoblastoma in male mice given 210 mg/kg.
In a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats, an increased incidence in ovarian tumors of granulosa/theca cell origin was observed in female rats given 279 mg/kg (approximately 400 times the AUC in humans). The female rodents in these studies were treated during their reproductive lives when their ovaries were functional and responsive to hormonal stimulation.
Mutagenesis — Raloxifene HCl was not genotoxic in any of the following test systems: the Ames test for bacterial mutagenesis with and without metabolic activation, the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay in rat hepatocytes, the mouse lymphoma assay for mammalian cell mutation, the chromosomal aberration assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells, the in vivo sister chromatid exchange assay in Chinese hamsters, and the in vivo micronucleus test in mice.
Impairment of Fertility — When male and female rats were given daily doses ≥ 5 mg/kg (≥ 0.8 times the human dose based on surface area, mg/m2) prior to and during mating, no pregnancies occurred. In male rats, daily doses up to 100 mg/kg (16 times the human dose based on surface area, mg/m2) for at least 2 weeks did not affect sperm production or quality or reproductive performance. In female rats, at doses of 0.1 to 10 mg/kg/day (0.02 to 1.6 times the human dose based on surface area, mg/m2), raloxifene disrupted estrous cycles and inhibited ovulation. These effects of raloxifene were reversible. In another study in rats in which raloxifene was given during the preimplantation period at doses ≥ 0.1 mg/kg (≥ 0.02 times the human dose based on surface area, mg/m2), raloxifene delayed and disrupted embryo implantation, resulting in prolonged gestation and reduced litter size. The reproductive and developmental effects observed in animals are consistent with the estrogen receptor activity of raloxifene.
Pregnancy Category X. EVISTA should not be used in women who are or may become pregnant [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
EVISTA should not be used by lactating women [see CONTRAINDICATIONS]. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when raloxifene is administered to a nursing woman.
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Of the total number of patients in placebo-controlled clinical studies of EVISTA, 61% were 65 and over, while 15.5% were 75 and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. Based on clinical trials, there is no need for dose adjustment for geriatric patients [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
EVISTA should be used with caution in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment [see Warnings and PRECAUTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
EVISTA should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment [see Warnings and PRECAUTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Last updated on RxList: 9/26/2007
In an 8-week study of 63 postmenopausal women, a dose of raloxifene HCl 600 mg/day was safely tolerated. In clinical trials, no raloxifene overdose has been reported.
In postmarketing spontaneous reports, raloxifene overdose has been reported very rarely (less than 1 out of 10,000 [< 0.01%] patients treated). The highest overdose has been approximately 1.5 grams. No fatalities associated with raloxifene overdose have been reported. Adverse reactions were reported in approximately half of the adults who took ≥ 180 mg raloxifene and included leg cramps and dizziness.
Two 18-month-old children each ingested raloxifene 180 mg. In these two children, symptoms reported included ataxia, dizziness, vomiting, rash, diarrhea, tremor, and flushing, as well as elevation in alkaline phosphatase.
There is no specific antidote for raloxifene.
No mortality was seen after a single oral dose in rats or mice at 5000 mg/kg (810 times the human dose for rats and 405 times the human dose for mice based on surface area, mg/m2) or in monkeys at 1000 mg/kg (80 times the AUC in humans).
EVISTA is contraindicated in women with active or past history of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and retinal vein thrombosis [see Warnings and PRECAUTIONS].
EVISTA is contraindicated in pregnancy, in women who may become pregnant, and in nursing mothers. EVISTA may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.
In rabbit studies, abortion and a low rate of fetal heart anomalies (ventricular septal defects) occurred in rabbits at doses ≥ 0.1 mg/kg (≥ 0.04 times the human dose based on surface area, mg/m2), and hydrocephaly was observed in fetuses at doses ≥ 10 mg/kg (≥ 4 times the human dose based on surface area, mg/m2). In rat studies, retardation of fetal development and developmental abnormalities (wavy ribs, kidney cavitation) occurred at doses ≥ 1 mg/kg (≥ 0.2 times the human dose based on surface area, mg/m2). Treatment of rats at doses of 0.1 to 10 mg/kg (0.02 to 1.6 times the human dose based on surface area, mg/m2) during gestation and lactation produced effects that included delayed and disrupted parturition; decreased neonatal survival and altered physical development; sex- and age-specific reductions in growth and changes in pituitary hormone content; and decreased lymphoid compartment size in offspring. At 10 mg/kg, raloxifene disrupted parturition, which resulted in maternal and progeny death and morbidity. Effects in adult offspring (4 months of age) included uterine hypoplasia and reduced fertility; however, no ovarian or vaginal pathology was observed.
Last updated on RxList: 9/26/2007
Decreases in estrogen levels after oophorectomy or menopause lead to increases in bone resorption and accelerated bone loss. Bone is initially lost rapidly because the compensatory increase in bone formation is inadequate to offset resorptive losses. In addition to loss of estrogen, this imbalance between resorption and formation may be due to age-related impairment of osteoblasts or their precursors. In some women, these changes will eventually lead to decreased bone mass, osteoporosis, and increased risk for fractures, particularly of the spine, hip, and wrist. Vertebral fractures are the most common type of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women.
The biological actions of raloxifene are largely mediated through binding to estrogen receptors. This binding results in activation of certain estrogenic pathways and blockade of others. Thus, raloxifene is an estrogen agonist/antagonist, commonly referred to as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM).
Raloxifene decreases resorption of bone and reduces biochemical markers of bone turnover to the premenopausal range. These effects on bone are manifested as reductions in the serum and urine levels of bone turnover markers, decreases in bone resorption based on radiocalcium kinetics studies, increases in bone mineral density (BMD), and decreases in incidence of fractures.
In both the osteoporosis treatment and prevention trials, EVISTA therapy resulted in consistent, statistically significant suppression of bone resorption and bone formation, as reflected by changes in serum and urine markers of bone turnover (e.g., bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and collagen breakdown products). The suppression of bone turnover markers was evident by 3 months and persisted throughout the 36-month and 24-month observation periods.
In a 31-week, open-label, radiocalcium kinetics study, 33 early postmenopausal women were randomized to treatment with once-daily EVISTA 60 mg, cyclic estrogen/progestin (0.625 mg conjugated estrogens daily with 5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate daily for the first 2 weeks of each month [hormone therapy]), or no treatment. Treatment with either EVISTA or hormone therapy was associated with reduced bone resorption and a positive shift in calcium balance (-82 mg Ca/day and +60 mg Ca/day, respectively, for EVISTA and -162 mg Ca/day and +91 mg Ca/day, respectively, for hormone therapy).
There were small decreases in serum total calcium, inorganic phosphate, total protein, and albumin, which were generally of lesser magnitude than decreases observed during estrogen or hormone therapy. Platelet count was also decreased slightly and was not different from estrogen therapy.
The disposition of raloxifene has been evaluated in more than 3000 postmenopausal women in selected raloxifene osteoporosis treatment and prevention clinical trials, using a population approach. Pharmacokinetic data also were obtained in conventional pharmacology studies in 292 postmenopausal women. Raloxifene exhibits high within-subject variability (approximately 30% coefficient of variation) of most pharmacokinetic parameters. Table 3 summarizes the pharmacokinetic parameters of raloxifene.
Absorption — Raloxifene is absorbed rapidly after oral administration. Approximately 60% of an oral dose is absorbed, but presystemic glucuronide conjugation is extensive. Absolute bioavailability of raloxifene is 2%. The time to reach average maximum plasma concentration and bioavailability are functions of systemic interconversion and enterohepatic cycling of raloxifene and its glucuronide metabolites.
Administration of raloxifene HCl with a standardized, high-fat meal increases the absorption of raloxifene (Cmax 28% and AUC 16%), but does not lead to clinically meaningful changes in systemic exposure. EVISTA can be administered without regard to meals.
Distribution — Following oral administration of single doses ranging from 30 to 150 mg of raloxifene HCl, the apparent volume of distribution is 2348 L/kg and is not dose dependent.
Raloxifene and the monoglucuronide conjugates are highly (95%) bound to plasma proteins. Raloxifene binds to both albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein, but not to sex-steroid binding globulin.
Metabolism— Biotransformation and disposition of raloxifene in humans have been determined following oral administration of 14C-labeled raloxifene. Raloxifene undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism to the glucuronide conjugates: raloxifene-4′-glucuronide, raloxifene-6-glucuronide, and raloxifene-6, 4′-diglucuronide. No other metabolites have been detected, providing strong evidence that raloxifene is not metabolized by cytochrome P450 pathways. Unconjugated raloxifene comprises less than 1% of the total radiolabeled material in plasma. The terminal log-linear portions of the plasma concentration curves for raloxifene and the glucuronides are generally parallel. This is consistent with interconversion of raloxifene and the glucuronide metabolites.
Following intravenous administration, raloxifene is cleared at a rate approximating hepatic blood flow. Apparent oral clearance is 44.1 L/kg•hr. Raloxifene and its glucuronide conjugates are interconverted by reversible systemic metabolism and enterohepatic cycling, thereby prolonging its plasma elimination half-life to 27.7 hours after oral dosing.
Results from single oral doses of raloxifene predict multiple-dose pharmacokinetics. Following chronic dosing, clearance ranges from 40 to 60 L/kg•hr. Increasing doses of raloxifene HCl (ranging from 30 to 150 mg) result in slightly less than a proportional increase in the area under the plasma time concentration curve (AUC).
Excretion — Raloxifene is primarily excreted in feces, and less than 0.2% is excreted unchanged in urine. Less than 6% of the raloxifene dose is eliminated in urine as glucuronide conjugates.
Table 3: Summary of Raloxifene Pharmacokinetic Parameters in the Healthy Postmenopausal Woman
| Cmaxa,b (ng/mL)/ (mg/kg) |
t1/2 (hr)a | AUC0∞a,b (ng•hr/mL) (mg/kg) |
CL/Fa (L/kg•hr) |
V/Fa (L/kg) |
|
| Single Dose | |||||
| Mean | 0.50 | 27.7 | 27.2 | 44.1 | 2348 |
| CVa (%) | 52 | 10.7 to 273 | 44 | 46 | 52 |
| Multiple Dose | |||||
| Mean | 1.36 | 32.5 | 24.2 | 47.4 | 2853 |
| CVa (%) | 37 | 15.8 to 86.6 | 36 | 41 | 56 |
| a Abbreviations: Cmax = maximum plasma concentration,
t½ = half-life, AUC = area under the curve, CL =clearance,
V = volume of distribution, F = bioavailability, CV = coefficient of variation. b Data normalized for dose in mg and body weight in kg. c Range of observed half-life. |
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Pediatric— The pharmacokinetics of raloxifene has not been evaluated in a pediatric population [see Use in Specific Populations].
Geriatric— No differences in raloxifene pharmacokinetics were detected with regard to age (range 42 to 84 years) [see Use in Specific Populations].
Gender — Total extent of exposure and oral clearance, normalized for lean body weight, are not significantly different between age-matched female and male volunteers.
Race — Pharmacokinetic differences due to race have been studied in 1712 women, including 97.5% White, 1.0% Asian, 0.7% Hispanic, and 0.5% Black in the osteoporosis treatment trial and in 1053 women, including 93.5% White, 4.3% Hispanic, 1.2% Asian, and 0.5% Black in the osteoporosis prevention trials. There were no discernible differences in raloxifene plasma concentrations among these groups; however, the influence of race cannot be conclusively determined.
Renal Impairment — In the osteoporosis treatment and prevention trials, raloxifene concentrations in women with mild renal impairment are similar to women with normal creatinine clearance. When a single dose of 120 mg raloxifene HCl was administered to 10 renally impaired males [7 moderate impairment (CrCl = 3 -50 mL/min); 3 severe impairment (CrCl ≤ 30 mL/min)] and to 10 healthy males (CrCl > 80 mL/min), plasma raloxifene concentrations were 122% (AUC0-∞) higher in renally impaired patients than those of healthy volunteers. Raloxifene should be used with caution in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment [see Warnings and PRECAUTIONS and Use in Specific Populations].
Hepatic Impairment — The disposition of raloxifene was compared in 9 patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) hepatic impairment (total bilirubin ranging from 0.6 to 2 mg/dL) to 8 subjects with normal hepatic function following a single dose of 60 mg raloxifene HCl. Apparent clearance of raloxifene was reduced 56% and the half- life of raloxifene was not altered in patients with mild hepatic impairment. Plasma raloxifene concentrations were approximately 150% higher than those in healthy volunteers and correlated with total bilirubin concentrations. The pharmacokinetics of raloxifene has not been studied in patients with moderate or severe hepatic hepatic impairment. Raloxifene should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment [see Warnings and PRECAUTIONS and Use in Specific Populations].
Cholestyramine — Cholestyramine, an anion exchange resin, causes a 60% reduction in the absorption and enterohepatic cycling of raloxifene after a single dose. Although not specifically studied, it is anticipated that other anion exchange resins would have a similar effect [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Warfarin — In vitro, raloxifene did not interact with the binding of warfarin. The concomitant administration of EVISTA and warfarin, a coumarin derivative, has been assessed in a single-dose study. In this study, raloxifene had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin. However, a 10% decrease in prothrombin time was observed in the single-dose study. In the osteoporosis treatment trial, there were no clinically relevant effects of warfarin co- administration on plasma concentrations of raloxifene [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Other Highly Protein-Bound Drugs — In the osteoporosis treatment trial, there were no clinically relevant effects of co-administration of other highly protein-bound drugs (e.g., gemfibrozil) on plasma concentrations of raloxifene. In vitro, raloxifene did not interact with the binding of phenytoin, tamoxifen, or warfarin (see above) [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Ampicillin and Amoxicillin — Peak concentrations of raloxifene and the overall extent of absorption are reduced 28% and 14%, respectively, with co-administration of ampicillin. These reductions are consistent with decreased enterohepatic cycling associated with antibiotic reduction of enteric bacteria. However, the systemic exposure and the elimination rate of raloxifene were not affected. In the osteoporosis treatment trial, co- administration of amoxicillin had no discernible differences in plasma raloxifene concentrations [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Antacids — Concomitant administration of calcium carbonate or aluminum and magnesium hydroxide- containing antacids does not affect the systemic exposure of raloxifene [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Corticosteroids — The chronic administration of raloxifene in postmenopausal women has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of methylprednisolone given as a single oral dose [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Digoxin — Raloxifene has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Cyclosporine — Concomitant administration of EVISTA with cyclosporine has not been studied.
Lipid-lowering agents — Concomitant administration of EVISTA with lipid-lowering agents has not been studied.
The skeletal effects of raloxifene treatment were assessed in ovariectomized rats and monkeys. In rats, raloxifene prevented increased bone resorption and bone loss after ovariectomy. There were positive effects of raloxifene on bone strength, but the effects varied with time. Cynomolgus monkeys were treated with raloxifene or conjugated estrogens for 2 years. In terms of bone cycles, this is equivalent to approximately 6 years in humans. Raloxifene and estrogen suppressed bone turnover and increased BMD in the lumbar spine and in the central cancellous bone of the proximal tibia. In this animal model, there was a positive correlation between vertebral compressive breaking force and BMD of the lumbar spine.
Histologic examination of bone from rats and monkeys treated with raloxifene showed no evidence of woven bone, marrow fibrosis, or mineralization defects.
These results are consistent with data from human studies of radiocalcium kinetics and markers of bone metabolism, and are consistent with the action of EVISTA as a skeletal antiresorptive agent.
Preclinical data demonstrate that raloxifene is an estrogen antagonist in uterine and breast tissues. These results are consistent with findings in clinical trials, which suggest that EVISTA lacks estrogen-like effects on the uterus and breast tissue.
Effect on Fracture Incidence
The effects of EVISTA on fracture incidence and BMD in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were examined at 3 years in a large randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multinational osteoporosis treatment trial. All vertebral fractures were diagnosed radiographically; some of these fractures also were associated with symptoms (i.e., clinical fractures). The study population consisted of 7705 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis as defined by: a) low BMD (vertebral or hip BMD at least 2.5 standard deviations below the mean value for healthy young women) without baseline vertebral fractures or b) one or more baseline vertebral fractures. Women enrolled in this study had a median age of 67 years (range 31 to 80) and a median time since menopause of 19 years.
Effect on Bone Mineral Density
EVISTA, 60 mg administered once daily, increased spine and hip BMD by 2 to 3%. EVISTA decreased the incidence of the first vertebral fracture from 4.3% for placebo to 1.9% for EVISTA (relative risk reduction = 55%) and subsequent vertebral fractures from 20.2% for placebo to 14.1% for EVISTA (relative risk reduction = 30%) (see Table 4). All women in the study received calcium (500 mg/day) and vitamin D (400 to 600 IU/day). EVISTA reduced the incidence of vertebral fractures whether or not patients had a vertebral fracture upon study entry. The decrease in incidence of vertebral fracture was greater than could be accounted for by increase in BMD alone.
Table 4: Effect of EVISTA on Risk of Vertebral Fractures
| Number of Patients | Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) |
Relative Risk Reduction (95% CI) |
||
| EVISTA | Placebo | |||
| Fractures diagnosed radiographically |
||||
| Patients with no baseline fracturea | n=1401 | n=1457 | ||
| Number (%) of patients with ≥ 1 new vertebral fracture |
27 (1.9%) | 62 (4.3%) | 2.4% | 55% (29%, 71%) |
| Patients with ≥ 1 baseline fracturea | n=858 | n=835 | ||
| Number (%) of patients with ≥ 1 new vertebral fracture | 121 (14.1%) | 169 (20.2%) | 6.1% | 30% (14%, 44%) |
| Symptomatic vertebral fractures |
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| All randomized patients | n=2557 | n=2576 | ||
| Number (%) of patients with ≥ 1 new clinical (painful) vertebral fracture | 47 (1.8%) | 81 (3.1%) | 1.3% | 41% (17%, 59%) |
| a Includes all patients with baseline and at least one follow-up radiograph. | ||||
The mean percentage change in BMD from baseline for EVISTA was statistically significantly greater than for placebo at each skeletal site (see Table 5).
Table 5: EVISTA- (60 mg Once Daily) Related Increases in BMDa for the Osteoporosis Treatment Study Expressed as Mean Percentage Increase vs. Placebob,c
| Site | 12 Months % |
24 Months % |
36 Months % |
| Lumbar Spine | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.6 |
| Femoral Neck | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.1 |
| Ultradistal Radius | NDd | 2.2 | NDd |
| Distal Radius | NDd | 0.9 | NDd |
| Total Body | NDd | 1.1 | NDd |
| a Note: all BMD increases were significant (p< 0.001).
b Intent-to-treat analysis; last observation carried forward. c All patients received calcium and vitamin D. d ND = not done (total body and radius BMD were measured only at 24 months). |
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Discontinuation from the study was required when excessive bone loss or multiple incident vertebral fractures occurred. Such discontinuation was statistically significantly more frequent in the placebo group (3.7%) than in the EVISTA group (1.1%).
Bone Histology
Bone biopsies for qualitative and quantitative histomorphometry were obtained at baseline and after 2 years of treatment. There were 56 paired biopsies evaluable for all indices. In EVISTA-treated patients, there were statistically significant decreases in bone formation rate per tissue volume, consistent with a reduction in bone turnover. Normal bone quality was maintained; specifically, there was no evidence of osteomalacia, marrow fibrosis, cellular toxicity, or woven bone after 2 years of treatment.
Effect on Endometrium
Endometrial thickness was evaluated annually in a subset of the study population (1781 patients) for 3 years. Placebo-treated women had a 0.27 mm mean decrease from baseline in endometrial thickness over 3 years, whereas the EVISTA-treated women had a 0.06 mm mean increase. Patients in the osteoporosis treatment study were not screened at baseline or excluded for pre-existing endometrial or uterine disease. This study was not specifically
designed to detect endometrial polyps. Over the 36 months of the study, clinically or histologically benign endometrial polyps were reported in 17 of 1999 placebo-treated women, 37 of 1948 EVISTA-treated women, and in 31 of 2010 women treated with raloxifene HCl 120 mg/day. There was no difference between EVISTA- and placebo-treated women in the incidences of endometrial carcinoma, vaginal bleeding, or vaginal discharge.
The effects of EVISTA on BMD in postmenopausal women were examined in three randomized, placebo- controlled, double-blind osteoporosis prevention trials: (1) a North American trial enrolled 544 women; (2) a European trial, 601 women; and (3) an international trial, 619 women who had undergone hysterectomy. In these trials, all women received calcium supplementation (400 to 600 mg/day). Women enrolled in these trials had a median age of 54 years and a median time since menopause of 5 years (less than 1 year up to 15 years postmenopause). The majority of the women were White (93.5%). Women were included if they had spine BMD between 2.5 standard deviations below and 2 standard deviations above the mean value for healthy young women. The mean T scores (number of standard deviations above or below the mean in healthy young women) for the three trials ranged from -1.01 to -0.74 for spine BMD and included women both with normal and low BMD. EVISTA, 60 mg administered once daily, produced increases in bone mass versus calcium supplementation alone, as reflected by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric (DXA) measurements of hip, spine, and total body BMD.
Effect on Bone Mineral Density
Compared with placebo, the increases in BMD for each of the three studies were statistically significant at 12 months and were maintained at 24 months (see Table 6). The placebo groups lost approximately 1% of BMD over 24 months.
Table 6: EVISTA- (60 mg Once Daily) Related Increases in BMDa for the Three Osteoporosis Prevention Studies Expressed as Mean Percentage Increase vs. Placebob at 24 Monthsc
| Site | NAd % |
StudyEUd % |
INTd,e % |
| Total Hip | 2.0 | 2.4 | 1.3 |
| Femoral Neck | 2.1 | 2.5 | 1.6 |
| Trochanter | 2.2 | 2.7 | 1.3 |
| Intertrochanter | 2.3 | 2.4 | 1.3 |
| Lumbar Spine | 2.0 | 2.4 | 1.8 |
| a Note: all BMD increases were significant (p≤ 0.001).
b All patients received calcium. c Intent-to-treat analysis; last observation carried forward. d Abbreviations: NA = North American, EU = European, INT = International. e All women in the study had previously undergone hysterectomy. |
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EVISTA also increased BMD compared with placebo in the total body by 1.3% to 2.0% and in Ward's Triangle (hip) by 3.1% to 4.0%. The effects of EVISTA on forearm BMD were inconsistent between studies. In Study EU, EVISTA prevented bone loss at the ultradistal radius, whereas in Study NA, it did not (see Figure 1).
 |
 |
Figure 1: Total hip bone mineral density mean percentage change from baseline
Effect on Endometrium
In placebo-controlled osteoporosis prevention trials, endometrial thickness was evaluated every 6 months (for 24 months) by transvaginal ultrasonography (TVU). A total of 2978 TVU measurements were collected from 831 women in all dose groups. Placebo-treated women had a 0.04 mm mean increase from baseline in endometrial thickness over 2 years, whereas the EVISTA-treated women had a 0.09 mm mean increase. Endometrial thickness measurements in raloxifene-treated women were indistinguishable from placebo. There were no differences between the raloxifene and placebo groups with respect to the incidence of reported vaginal bleeding.
Mammograms were routinely performed on an annual or biennial basis in all placebo-controlled clinical trials lasting at least 12 months. Independent review has determined that 25 cases (raloxifene and placebo combined) represented newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer. Among 7108 women randomized to raloxifene, there were 10 cases of invasive breast cancer per 19,381 person-years of follow-up (0.52 per 1000). Among 3467 women randomized to placebo, there were 15 cases of invasive breast cancer per 9250 person-years of follow-up (1.62 per 1000). The effectiveness of raloxifene in reducing the risk of breast cancer has not been established.
In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multinational clinical trial of 10,101 postmenopausal women with documented coronary heart disease or at increased risk for coronary events, no cardiovascular benefit was demonstrated after treatment with EVISTA 60 mg once daily for a median follow-up of 5.6 years. No significant increase or decrease was observed for coronary events (death from coronary causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome). An increased risk of death due to stroke after treatment with EVISTA was observed: 59 (1.2%) raloxifene-treated women died due to a stroke compared to 39 (0.8%) placebo-treated women (2.2 versus 1.5 per 1000 women-years; hazard ratio 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-2.24; p=0.0499). The incidence of stroke did not differ significantly between treatment groups (249 with EVISTA [4.9%] versus 224 with placebo [4.4%]; hazard ratio 1.10; 95% confidence interval 0.92-1.32; p=0.30; 9.5 versus 8.6 per 1000 women-years) [see Warnings and PRECAUTIONS].
Last updated on RxList: 9/26/2007
Physicians should instruct their patients to read the patient package insert before starting therapy with EVISTA and to reread it each time the prescription is renewed.
For osteoporosis treatment or prevention, patients should be instructed to take supplemental calcium and/or vitamin D if intake is inadequate. Patients at increased risk for vitamin D insufficiency (e.g., over the age of 70 years, nursing home bound, chronically ill, or with gastrointestinal malabsorption syndromes) should be instructed to take additional vitamin D if needed. Weight-bearing exercises should be considered along with the modification of certain behavioral factors, such as cigarette smoking and/or excessive alcohol consumption, if these factors exist.
EVISTA should be discontinued at least 72 hours prior to and during prolonged immobilization (e.g., post- surgical recovery, prolonged bed rest), and patients should be advised to avoid prolonged restrictions of movement during travel because of the increased risk of venous thromboembolic events [see Warnings and PRECAUTIONS].
EVISTA may increase the incidence of hot flashes and is not effective in reducing hot flashes or flushes associated with estrogen deficiency. In some asymptomatic patients, hot flashes may occur upon beginning EVISTA therapy.
Read the patient information before you start taking EVISTA. Also, read the leaflet each time you refill your prescription, just in case anything has changed. This leaflet does not take the place of talking with your doctor about your medical condition or treatment. Talk with your doctor about EVISTA when you start taking it and at regular checkups.
What is the most important information I should know about EVISTA?
What is EVISTA?
EVISTA is a prescription medicine for women after menopause to treat or prevent osteoporosis. You should take calcium and vitamin D along with EVISTA if you do not get enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet.
EVISTA treats osteoporosis by helping make bones stronger and less likely to break. It helps prevent osteoporosis by building bone and stopping the thinning of bone that occurs after menopause. When a woman goes through menopause, her body produces less estrogen. One result of having less estrogen is that the bones of some women get thinner and weaker. This thinning of the bone is called osteoporosis. Osteoporosis can lead to broken bones (fractures).
EVISTA is not for use in premenopausal women.
Who should not take EVISTA?
Do not take EVISTA if you:
What should I tell my doctor before taking EVISTA?
EVISTA may not be right for you. Before taking EVISTA, tell your doctor about all your medical conditions, including if you:
Tell your doctor about all medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements. Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them and show it to your doctor and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine.
How should I take EVISTA?
Keep taking EVISTA for as long as your doctor prescribes it for you. EVISTA can treat or prevent osteoporosis only if you take it regularly. This is why it is important to get your refills on time so you do not run out of the medicine.
What should I avoid while taking EVISTA?
Being still for a long time (such as during prolonged travel or being in bed after surgery) can increase the risk of blood clots. EVISTA may add to this risk. If you will need to be still for a long time, you should talk with your doctor about ways to reduce the risk of blood clots. On long trips, you should move around periodically. You should stop taking EVISTA at least 3 days before a planned surgery or before you plan on being still for a long time. You should start
taking EVISTA again when you return to your normal activities. (See “What are the possible side effects of EVISTA?”)
Some medicines that should not be taken with EVISTA are:
If you are taking warfarin or other coumarin blood thinners, your doctor may need to do a blood test when you first start or if you need to stop taking EVISTA. Names for this test include “prothrombin time,” “pro-time,” or “INR.” Your doctor may need to adjust the dose of your warfarin or other coumarin blood thinner.
What are the possible side effects of EVISTA?
Infrequent but serious side effects of taking EVISTA include the development of blood clots in the veins and death due to stroke. Blood clots in the veins can stop blood flow and cause serious medical problems, disability or death.
Stop taking EVISTA and call your doctor right away if you have any of these signs of possible blood clots in the legs, lungs or eyes:
If you have or have had a stroke, mini-stroke (TIA/transient ischemic attack), or a type of irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation), talk with your doctor about whether it is all right to take EVISTA.
The most common side effects of EVISTA are hot flashes and leg cramps. Hot flashes are more common during the first 6 months after starting treatment.
These are not all the side effects of EVISTA. Tell your doctor about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. If you have any problems or questions that concern you while taking EVISTA, ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
What else should I know about EVISTA?
Do not use EVISTA to prevent heart disease, heart attack or strokes.
To get the calcium and vitamin D you need, your doctor may advise you to change your diet and/or take supplemental calcium and vitamin D. Your doctor may suggest other ways to help treat or prevent osteoporosis, in addition to taking EVISTA and getting the calcium and vitamin D you need. These may include regular exercise, stopping smoking and drinking less alcohol.
Women who have hot flashes can take EVISTA. However, EVISTA does not treat hot flashes, and it may cause hot flashes in some women. (See “What are the possible side effects of EVISTA?”)
EVISTA has not been found to cause breast tenderness or enlargement. If you notice any changes in your breasts, you should contact your doctor to find out the cause. In clinical studies, EVISTA did not increase the risk for breast cancer.
EVISTA should not cause spotting or menstrual-type bleeding. If you have any vaginal bleeding, you should contact your doctor to find out the cause. EVISTA has not been found to increase the risk for cancer of the lining of the uterus.
How should I store EVISTA?
General Information about the safe and effective use of EVISTA
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for conditions that are not mentioned in patient information leaflets. Do not use EVISTA for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give your EVISTA to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them.
This leaflet is a summary of the most important information about EVISTA. If you would like more information about EVISTA talk with your doctor. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about EVISTA that is written for health professionals. For more information, call 1-800-545-5979 (toll-free) or go to the following website: www.evista.com.
What are the ingredients in EVISTA?
Active ingredient: raloxifene hydrochloride
Inactive Ingredients: anhydrous lactose, carnauba wax, crospovidone, FD&C Blue No. 2 aluminum lake, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, modified pharmaceutical glaze, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, povidone, propylene glycol, and titanium dioxide.
Last updated on RxList: 9/26/2007
IMPORTANT NOTE: This is a summary and does not contain all possible information about this product. For complete information about this product or your specific health needs, ask your health care professional. Always seek the advice of your health care professional if you have any questions about this product or your medical condition. This information is not intended as individual medical advice and does not substitute for the knowledge and judgment of your health care professional. This information does not contain any assurances that this product is safe, effective, or appropriate for you.
RALOXIFENE - ORAL
(ra-LOX-ih-feen)
COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Evista
WARNING: Raloxifene may infrequently cause serious blood clots to form in the legs or lungs. Tell your doctor if you have history of blood clots (e.g., deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism). Also talk to your doctor about risk factors for developing strokes (sometimes fatal) while taking this medication. Some risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol use, having high cholesterol/diabetes, or history of heart disease. Discuss these risks and the benefits of using raloxifene with your doctor.
USES: Raloxifene is used to prevent and treat bone loss (osteoporosis) in women after menopause. Maintaining strong bones by slowing bone loss helps to reduce the risk of fractures.
Raloxifene may also lower the chance of getting a certain type of breast cancer (invasive) in women after menopause.
This drug is different from hormones (including estrogens and progestins). It works by acting like estrogen (as a selective estrogen receptor modulator or SERM) in some parts of the body. Raloxifene helps to preserve bone mass, but it does not affect the breast and uterus like estrogen or relieve symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes.
This medication is not recommended for use in women before menopause. It should not be used in children.
This medication should not be used to prevent heart disease.
HOW TO USE: Read the Medication Guide provided by your pharmacist before you start using raloxifene and each time you get a refill. If you have any questions, consult your doctor or pharmacist.
Take this medication by mouth usually once a day, with or without food, or as directed by your doctor. Use this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. Remember to use it at the same time each day.
Be sure to include adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in your diet. Consult your doctor or pharmacist to see if you need to take calcium/vitamin D supplements.
Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.
Raloxifene may infrequently cause stroke or serious blood clots to form in the legs, lungs, or eyes. Seek immediate medical attention if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: leg swelling/pain, trouble breathing, chest pain, sudden vision changes, severe headache, weakness on one side of the body, confusion.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, seek immediate medical attention if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the tongue/lips/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.
Contact your doctor for medical advice about side effects. The following numbers do not provide medical advice, but in the US you may report side effects to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at 1-800-FDA-1088. In Canada, you may call Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
PRECAUTIONS: See also Warning section.
Before taking raloxifene, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it, or if you have any other allergies.
This medication should not be used if you have certain medical conditions. Before using this medicine, consult your doctor or pharmacist if you have: active or past history of blood clots (e.g., deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, retinal vein thrombosis).
Lack of movement may increase the risk for blood clots. Your doctor will instruct you to stop taking this medication at least 3 days before surgery or during long periods of inactivity (e.g., bedrest). Do not start taking raloxifene until you are routinely and actively moving again. During long periods of travel, walk or move periodically to keep the blood flowing through your body.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: kidney disease, liver disease, high blood pressure, smoking, heart/blood vessel disease (e.g., congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, transient ischemic attack), cancer, high blood cholesterol levels, history of high blood fat (triglyceride) levels due to estrogen treatment.
This medication must not be used during pregnancy because it may cause harm to an unborn baby. If you become pregnant or think you may be pregnant, inform your doctor immediately.
It is not known whether this drug passes into breast milk. Breast-feeding while using this medication is not recommended. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and nonprescription/herbal products you may use, especially of: cholestyramine (or other anion-exchange resins), diazepam, diazoxide, estrogens, lidocaine, warfarin.
This product can affect the results of certain lab tests. Make sure laboratory personnel and your doctors know you use this drug.
This document does not contain all possible interactions. Therefore, before using this product, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the products you use. Keep a list of all your medications with you, and share the list with your doctor and pharmacist.
OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents can call the US national poison hotline at 1-800-222-1222. Canadian residents should call their local poison control center directly.
NOTES: Do not share this medication with others.
Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. You should have a complete physical examination, breast and pelvic examination, and PAP test (for vaginal cancer) at least once a year. You should also have periodic mammograms as determined by your doctor. Follow your doctor's instructions for examining your own breasts. Report any unusual vaginal bleeding, breast pain, or lumps immediately.
Lifestyle changes that help promote healthy bones include increasing weight-bearing exercise, stopping smoking, limiting alcohol, and eating well-balanced meals that contain adequate calcium and vitamin D. Since you may also need to take calcium and vitamin D supplements and make lifestyle changes, consult your doctor for specific advice.
Laboratory and/or medical tests (bone density tests, x-rays, height measurement, blood mineral levels) should be performed periodically to monitor your progress or check for side effects. Consult your doctor for more details.
MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, use it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.
STORAGE: Store the US product at room temperature between 68-77 degrees F (20-25 degrees C) away from light and moisture. Brief storage between 59-86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C) is permitted. Do not store in the bathroom.
Store the Canadian product at room temperature between 59-86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C) away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom.
Keep all medicines away from children and pets.
Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product.
Information last revised July 2008 Copyright(c) 2008 First DataBank, Inc.
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