Frostbite

Frostbite, Chilblains, and Trench Foot

Adult Skin Problems Slideshow Gallery of Skin Problems and Image Collection

Medical Author: Steven Doerr, MD
Medical Editor: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR

• Introduction
• What type of injuries can be caused by cold weather?
• Cold weather-related injuries without tissue freezing
• Chilblains
• Trench foot (immersion injury)
• Cold weather-related injuries with tissue freezing
• Frostbite
• Frostbite symptoms
• Who is most likely to get a cold weather-related injury and what can be done to prevent it?
• How should frostbite and other cold weather-related injuries be treated?
• When should I seek medical care for a cold weather-related injury?
• Frostbite Chilblains, and Trench Foot At A Glance

Introduction

Winter cold and snow provide a number of opportunities to get outside and participate in activities such as skiing, sledding, and snowmobiling. However, without proper protection, cold weather-related injuries can occur even when temperatures are above freezing (32 F, 0 C). This is especially true if there are high winds or if clothing is wet. In general, however, it is both the temperature and the duration of exposure that play a role in determining the extent and severity of cold weather-related injuries. The information below describes the different types of cold weather-related injuries, as well as what to do to prevent and treat them prior to reaching a healthcare provider.

What type of injuries can be caused by cold weather?

Cold weather-related injuries can be divided into two general categories. These are those that occur without the freezing of body tissue (chilblains and trench foot) and those that occur with the freezing of body tissue (frostbite).

Cold weather-related injuries without tissue freezing

Chilblains

Chilblains is a common type of cold weather-related injury that can develop several hours after exposure to extreme cold. Chilblains are itchy, painful, reddish, or purplish areas of swelling that usually affect the fingers, toes, nose or ears; though other areas of the body may also be involved. In some individuals, blisters or small open sores may also form. Chilblains usually last for several days, and the affected area usually heals after several weeks. Though the affected area may remain sensitive to the cold in the future, there is usually no permanent damage. It is not uncommon for a recurrence of chilblains in susceptible individuals.