Rituxan
(rituximab) Injection for Intravenous Use
WARNING
FATAL INFUSION REACTIONS, TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME (TLS), SEVERE MUCOCUTANEOUS REACTIONS, and PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY (PML)
Rituxan administration can result in serious, including fatal infusion reactions. Deaths within 24 hours of Rituxan infusion have occurred. Approximately 80% of fatal infusion reactions occurred in association with the first infusion. Carefully monitor patients during infusions. Discontinue Rituxan infusion and provide medical treatment for Grade 3 or 4 infusion reactions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Acute renal failure requiring dialysis with instances of fatal outcome can occur in the setting of TLS following treatment of non–Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients with Rituxan [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Severe, including fatal, mucocutaneous reactions can occur in patients receiving Rituxan [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS].
JC virus infection resulting in PML and death can occur in patients receiving Rituxan [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Rituxan® (rituximab) is a genetically engineered chimeric murine/human monoclonal IgG1 kappa antibody directed against the CD20 antigen. Rituximab has an approximate molecular weight of 145 kD. Rituximab has a binding affinity for the CD20 antigen of approximately 8.0 nM.
Rituximab is produced by mammalian cell (Chinese Hamster Ovary) suspension culture in a nutrient medium containing the antibiotic gentamicin. Gentamicin is not detectable in the final product. Rituxan is a sterile, clear, colorless, preservative-free liquid concentrate for intravenous administration. Rituxan is supplied at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in either 100 mg (10 mL) or 500 mg (50 mL) single-use vials. The product is formulated in 9 mg/mL sodium chloride, 7.35 mg/mL sodium citrate dihydrate, 0.7 mg/mL polysorbate 80, and Water for Injection. The pH is 6.5.
Last updated on RxList: 11/6/2009
Rituxan® (rituximab) is indicated for the treatment of patients with:
Rituxan® (rituximab) in combination with methotrexate is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately-to severely- active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to one or more TNF antagonist therapies.
DO NOT ADMINISTER AS AN INTRAVENOUS PUSH OR BOLUS.
Premedicate before each infusion. Administer only as an intravenous (IV) infusion.
The recommended dose is 375 mg/m² as an IV infusion according to the following schedules
Premedicate before each infusion with acetaminophen and an antihistamine. For RA patients, methylprednisolone 100 mg IV or its equivalent is recommended 30 minutes prior to each infusion.
Use appropriate aseptic technique. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Do not use vial if particulates or discoloration is present. Withdraw the necessary amount of Rituxan and dilute to a final concentration of 1 to 4 mg/mL in an infusion bag containing either 0.9% Sodium Chloride, USP, or 5% Dextrose in Water, USP. Gently invert the bag to mix the solution. Do not mix or dilute with other drugs. Discard any unused portion left in the vial.
100 mg/10 mL single-use vial
500 mg/50 mL single-use vial
Rituxan vials [100 mg (NDC 50242-051-21) and 500 mg (NDC 50242-053-06)] are stable at 2°C-8°C (36°F-46°F). Do not use beyond expiration date stamped on carton. Rituxan vials should be protected from direct sunlight. Do not freeze or shake.
Rituxan solutions for infusion may be stored at 2°C-8°C (36°F-46°F) for 24 hours. Rituxan solutions for infusion have been shown to be stable for an additional 24 hours at room temperature. However, since Rituxan solutions do not contain a preservative, diluted solutions should be stored refrigerated (2°C-8°C). No incompatibilities between Rituxan and polyvinylchloride or polyethylene bags have been observed.
Jointly Marketed by: Biogen Idec Inc. and Genentech USA, Inc. Manufactured by: Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990. Revised 10/2009
Last updated on RxList: 11/6/2009
The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:
The most common adverse reactions of Rituxan (incidence ≥ 25%) observed in patients with NHL are infusion reactions, fever, chills, infection, asthenia, and lymphopenia.
The most important serious adverse reactions of Rituxan are infusion reactions, tumor lysis syndrome, mucocutaneous toxicities, hepatitis B reactivation with fulminant hepatitis, PML, other viral infections, cardiac arrhythmias, renal toxicity, and bowel obstruction and perforation.
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The data described below reflect exposure to Rituxan in 1606 patients, with exposures ranging from a single infusion up to 6-8 months. Rituxan was studied in both single-agent and active-controlled trials (n = 356 and n = 1250). These data were obtained in adults with low-grade, follicular, or DLBCL NHL. Most patients received Rituxan as an infusion of 375 mg/m² per infusion, given as a single agent weekly for up to 8 doses, in combination with chemotherapy for up to 8 doses, or following chemotherapy for up to 16 doses.
In the majority of patients with NHL, infusion reactions consisting of fever, chills/rigors, nausea, pruritus, angioedema, hypotension, headache, bronchospasm, urticaria, rash, vomiting, myalgia, dizziness, or hypertension occurred during the first Rituxan infusion. Infusion reactions typically occurred within 30 to 120 minutes of beginning the first infusion and resolved with slowing or interruption of the Rituxan infusion and with supportive care (diphenhydramine, acetaminophen, and intravenous saline). The incidence of infusion reactions was highest during the first infusion (77%) and decreased with each subsequent infusion. [See BOXED WARNING, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS.]
Serious infections (NCI CTCAE Grade 3 or 4), including sepsis, occurred in less than 5% of patients with NHL in the single-arm studies. The overall incidence of infections was 31% (bacterial 19%, viral 10%, unknown 6%, and fungal 1%). [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS.]
In randomized, controlled studies where Rituxan was administered following chemotherapy for the treatment of follicular or low-grade NHL, the rate of infection was higher among patients who received Rituxan. In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients, viral infections occurred more frequently in those who received Rituxan.
In patients with NHL receiving rituximab monotherapy, NCI-CTC Grade 3 and 4 cytopenias were reported in 48% of patients. These included lymphopenia (40%), neutropenia (6%), leukopenia (4%), anemia (3%), and thrombocytopenia (2%). The median duration of lymphopenia was 14 days (range, 1-588 days) and of neutropenia was 13 days (range, 2-116 days). A single occurrence of transient aplastic anemia (pure red cell aplasia) and two occurrences of hemolytic anemia following Rituxan therapy occurred during the single-arm studies.
In studies of monotherapy, Rituxan-induced B-cell depletion occurred in 70% to 80% of patients with NHL. Decreased IgM and IgG serum levels occurred in 14% of these patients.
Adverse reactions in Table 1 occurred in 356 patients with relapsed or refractory, low-grade or follicular, CD20-positive, B-cell NHL treated in single-arm studies of Rituxan administered as a single agent [see Clinical Studies]. Most patients received Rituxan 375 mg/m² weekly for 4 doses.
Table 1 : Incidence of Adverse Reactions in ≥ 5% of Patients
with Relapsed or Refractory, Low-Grade or Follicular NHL, Receiving Single-agent
Rituxan (N = 356)a,b
| All Grades (%) | Grade 3 and 4 (%) | |
| Any Adverse Reactions | 99 | 57 |
| Body as a Whole | 86 | 10 |
| Fever | 53 | 1 |
| Chills | 33 | 3 |
| Infection | 31 | 4 |
| Asthenia | 26 | 1 |
| Headache | 19 | 1 |
| Abdominal Pain | 14 | 1 |
| Pain | 12 | 1 |
| Back Pain | 10 | 1 |
| Throat Irritation | 9 | 0 |
| Flushing | 5 | 0 |
| Heme and Lymphatic System | 67 | 48 |
| Lymphopenia | 48 | 40 |
| Leukopenia | 14 | 4 |
| Neutropenia | 14 | 6 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 12 | 2 |
| Anemia | 8 | 3 |
| Skin and Appendages | 44 | 2 |
| Night Sweats | 15 | 1 |
| Rash | 15 | 1 |
| Pruritus | 14 | 1 |
| Urticaria | 8 | 1 |
| Respiratory System | 38 | 4 |
| Increased Cough | 13 | 1 |
| Rhinitis | 12 | 1 |
| Bronchospasm | 8 | 1 |
| Dyspnea | 7 | 1 |
| Sinusitis | 6 | 0 |
| Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders | 38 | 3 |
| Angioedema | 11 | 1 |
| Hyperglycemia | 9 | 1 |
| Peripheral Edema | 8 | 0 |
| LDH Increase | 7 | 0 |
| Digestive System | 37 | 2 |
| Nausea | 23 | 1 |
| Diarrhea | 10 | 1 |
| Vomiting | 10 | 1 |
| Nervous System | 32 | 1 |
| Dizziness | 10 | 1 |
| Anxiety | 5 | 1 |
| Musculoskeletal System | 26 | 3 |
| Myalgia | 10 | 1 |
| Arthralgia | 10 | 1 |
| Cardiovascular System | 25 | 3 |
| Hypotension | 10 | 1 |
| Hypertension | 6 | 1 |
| a Adverse reactions observed up to 12 months
following Rituxan. b Adverse reactions graded for severity by NCI-CTC criteria. |
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In these single-arm Rituxan studies, bronchiolitis obliterans occurred during and up to 6 months after Rituxan infusion.
Adverse reactions information below is based on 1250 patients who received Rituxan in combination with chemotherapy or following chemotherapy.
In Study 4, patients in the R-CVP arm experienced a higher incidence of infusional toxicity and neutropenia compared to patients in the CVP arm. The following adverse reactions occurred more frequently ( ≥ 5%) in patients receiving R-CVP compared to CVP alone: rash (17% vs. 5%), cough (15% vs. 6%), flushing (14% vs. 3%), rigors (10% vs. 2%), pruritus (10% vs. 1%), neutropenia (8% vs. 3%), and chest tightness (7% vs. 1%). [See Clinical Studies.]
In Study 5, the following adverse reactions were reported more frequently ( ≥ 5%) in patients receiving Rituxan following CVP compared to patients who received no further therapy: fatigue (39% vs. 14%), anemia (35% vs. 20%), peripheral sensory neuropathy (30% vs. 18%), infections (19% vs. 9%), pulmonary toxicity (18% vs. 10%), hepato-biliary toxicity (17% vs. 7%), rash and/or pruritus (17% vs. 5%), arthralgia (12% vs. 3%), and weight gain (11% vs. 4%). Neutropenia was the only Grade 3 or 4 adverse reaction that occurred more frequently ( ≥ 2%) in the Rituxan arm compared with those who received no further therapy (4% vs. 1%). [See Clinical Studies.]
In Studies 6 and 7 [see Clinical Studies], the following adverse reactions, regardless of severity, were reported more frequently ( ≥ 5%) in patients age ≥ 60 years receiving R-CHOP as compared to CHOP alone: pyrexia (56% vs. 46%), lung disorder (31% vs. 24%), cardiac disorder (29% vs. 21%), and chills (13% vs. 4%). Detailed safety data collection in these studies was primarily limited to Grade 3 and 4 adverse reactions and serious adverse reactions.
In Study 7, a review of cardiac toxicity determined that supraventricular arrhythmias or tachycardia accounted for most of the difference in cardiac disorders (4.5% for R-CHOP vs. 1.0% for CHOP).
The following Grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions occurred more frequently among patients in the R-CHOP arm compared with those in the CHOP arm: thrombocytopenia (9% vs. 7%) and lung disorder (6% vs. 3%). Other Grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions occurring more frequently among patients receiving R-CHOP were viral infection (Study 7), neutropenia (Studies 7 and 8), and anemia (Study 8).
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The data presented below reflect the experience in 2578 RA patients treated with Rituxan in controlled and long-term studies with a total exposure of 5014 patient-years.
Among all exposed patients, adverse reactions reported in greater than 10% of patients include infusion related reactions, upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis, urinary tract infection, and bronchitis.
In placebo-controlled studies, patients received 2 x 500 mg or 2 x 1000 mg intravenous infusions of Rituxan or placebo, in combination with methotrexate, during a 24-week period. From these studies, 938 patients treated with Rituxan (2 x 1000 mg) or placebo have been pooled (see Table 2). Adverse reactions reported in ≥ 5% of patients were hypertension, nausea, upper respiratory tract infection, arthralgia, pyrexia and pruritus (see Table 2). The rates and types of adverse reactions in patients who received Rituxan 2 x 500 mg were similar to those observed in patients who received Rituxan 2 x 1000 mg.
Table 2* : Incidence of All Adverse Reactions** Occurring
in ≥ 2% and at Least 1% Greater Than Placebo Among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
in Clinical Studies Up to Week 24 (Pooled)
| Preferred Term | Placebo + MTX N = 398 n (%) |
Rituxan + MTX N = 540 n (%) |
| Hypertension | 21 (5) | 43 (8) |
| Nausea | 19 (5) | 41 (8) |
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infection | 23 (6) | 37 (7) |
| Arthralgia | 14 (4) | 31 (6) |
| Pyrexia | 8 (2) | 27 (5) |
| Pruritus | 5 (1) | 26 (5) |
| Chills | 9 (2) | 16 (3) |
| Dyspepsia | 3 ( < 1) | 16 (3) |
| Rhinitis | 6 (2) | 14 (3) |
| Paresthesia | 3 ( < 1) | 12 (2) |
| Urticaria | 3 ( < 1) | 12 (2) |
| Abdominal Pain Upper | 4 (1) | 11 (2) |
| Throat Irritation | 0 (0) | 11 (2) |
| Anxiety | 5 (1) | 9 (2) |
| Migraine | 2 ( < 1) | 9 (2) |
| Asthenia | 1 ( < 1) | 9 (2) |
| *These data based on 938 patients treated in Phase 2 and
3 studies of Rituxan (2 × 1000 mg) or placebo administered in combination
with methotrexate. **Coded using MedDRA. |
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In the Rituxan RA pooled placebo-controlled studies, 32% of Rituxan-treated patients experienced an adverse reaction during or within 24 hours following their first infusion, compared to 23% of placebo-treated patients receiving their first infusion. The incidence of adverse reactions during the 24-hour period following the second infusion, Rituxan or placebo, decreased to 11% and 13%, respectively. Acute infusion reactions (manifested by fever, chills, rigors, pruritus, urticaria/rash, angioedema, sneezing, throat irritation, cough, and/or bronchospasm, with or without associated hypotension or hypertension) were experienced by 27% of Rituxan-treated patients following their first infusion, compared to 19% of placebo-treated patients receiving their first placebo infusion. The incidence of these acute infusion reactions following the second infusion of Rituxan or placebo decreased to 9% and 11%, respectively. Serious acute infusion reactions were experienced by < 1% of patients in either treatment group. Acute infusion reactions required dose modification (stopping, slowing, or interruption of the infusion) in 10% and 2% of patients receiving Rituxan or placebo, respectively, after the first course. The proportion of patients experiencing acute infusion reactions decreased with subsequent courses of Rituxan. The administration of intravenous glucocorticoids prior to Rituxan infusions reduced the incidence and severity of such reactions, however, there was no clear benefit from the administration of oral glucocorticoids for the prevention of acute infusion reactions. Patients in clinical studies also received antihistamines and acetaminophen prior to Rituxan infusions.
In the pooled, placebo-controlled studies, 39% of patients in the Rituxan group experienced an infection of any type compared to 34% of patients in the placebo group. The most common infections were nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, bronchitis, and sinusitis.
The incidence of serious infections was 2% in the Rituxan-treated patients and 1% in the placebo group.
In the experience with Rituxan in 2578 RA patients, the rate of serious infection was 4.31 per 100 patient years. The most common serious infections ( ≥ 0.5%) were pneumonia or lower respiratory tract infections, cellulitis and urinary tract infections. Fatal serious infections included pneumonia, sepsis and colitis. Rates of serious infection remain stable in patients receiving subsequent courses. In 185 Rituxan-treated RA patients with active disease, subsequent treatment with a biologic DMARD, the majority of which were TNF antagonists, did not appear to increase the rate of serious infection. Thirteen serious infections were observed in 186.1 patient years (6.99 per 100 patient years) prior to exposure and 10 were observed in 182.3 patient years (5.49 per 100 patient years) after exposure.
In the pooled, placebo-controlled studies, the proportion of patients with serious cardiovascular reactions was 1.7% and 1.3% in Rituxan and placebo treatment groups, respectively. Three cardiovascular deaths occurred during the double-blind period of the RA studies including all Rituxan regimens (3/769 = 0.4%) as compared to none in the placebo treatment group (0/389).
In the experience with Rituxan in 2578 RA patients, the rate of serious cardiac reactions was 1.93 per 100 patient years. The rate of myocardial infarction (MI) was 0.56 per 100 patient years (28 events in 26 patients), which is consistent with MI rates in the general RA population. These rates did not increase over three courses of Rituxan.
Since patients with RA are at increased risk for cardiovascular events compared with the general population, patients with RA should be monitored throughout the infusion and Rituxan should be discontinued in the event of a serious or life-threatening cardiac event.
In the pooled, placebo-controlled studies, newly occurring hypophosphatemia ( < 2.0 mg/dl) was observed in 12% (67/540) of patients on Rituxan versus 10% (39/398) of patients on placebo. Hypophosphatemia was more common in patients who received corticosteroids. Newly occurring hyperuricemia ( > 10 mg/dl) was observed in 1.5% (8/540) of patients on Rituxan versus 0.3% (1/398) of patients on placebo.
In the experience with Rituxan in RA patients, newly occurring hypophosphatemia was observed in 21% (528/2570) of patients and newly occurring hyperuricemia was observed in 2% (56/2570) of patients. The majority of the observed hypophosphatemia occurred at the time of the infusions and was transient.
In the experience with Rituxan in RA patients, 2578 patients have been exposed to Rituxan and have received up to 10 courses of Rituxan in RA clinical trials, with 1890, 1043, and 425 patients having received at least two, three, and four courses, respectively. Most of the patients who received additional courses did so 24 weeks or more after the previous course and none were retreated sooner than 16 weeks. The rates and types of adverse reactions reported for subsequent courses of the Rituxan were similar to rates and types seen for a single course of Rituxan. In RA Study 2, where all patients initially received Rituxan, the safety profile of patients who were retreated with Rituxan was similar to those who were retreated with placebo [see Clinical Studies, and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.]
As with all therapeutic proteins, there is a potential for immunogenicity. The observed incidence of antibody (including neutralizing antibody) positivity in an assay is highly dependent on several factors including assay sensitivity and specificity, assay methodology, sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications, and underlying disease. For these reasons, comparison of the incidence of antibodies to Rituxan with the incidence of antibodies to other products may be misleading.
Using an ELISA assay, anti-human anti-chimeric antibody (HACA) was detected in 4 of 356 (1.1%) patients with low-grade or follicular NHL receiving single-agent Rituxan. Three of the four patients had an objective clinical response.
A total of 273/2578 (11%) patients with RA tested positive for HACA at any time after receiving Rituxan. HACA positivity was not associated with increased infusion reactions or other adverse reactions. Upon further treatment, the proportions of patients with infusion reactions were similar between HACA positive and negative patients, and most reactions were mild to moderate. Four HACA positive patients had serious infusion reactions, and the temporal relationship between HACA positivity and infusion reaction was variable. The clinical relevance of HACA formation in Rituxan-treated patients is unclear.
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Rituxan in hematologic malignancies. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Decisions to include these reactions in labeling are typically based on one or more of the following factors: (1) seriousness of the reaction, (2) frequency of reporting, or (3) strength of causal connection to Rituxan.
Formal drug interaction studies have not been performed with Rituxan. In clinical trials of patients with RA, concomitant administration of methotrexate or cyclophosphamide did not alter the pharmacokinetics of rituximab.
Last updated on RxList: 11/6/2009
Rituxan can cause severe, including fatal, infusion reactions. Severe reactions typically occurred during the first infusion with time to onset of 30-120 minutes. Rituxan-induced infusion reactions and sequelae include urticaria, hypotension, angioedema, hypoxia, bronchospasm, pulmonary infiltrates, acute respiratory distress syndrome, myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation, cardiogenic shock, anaphylactoid events, or death.
Premedicate patients with an antihistamine and acetaminophen prior to dosing. For RA patients, methylprednisolone 100 mg IV or its equivalent is recommended 30 minutes prior to each infusion. Institute medical management (e.g. glucocorticoids, epinephrine, bronchodilators, or oxygen) for infusion reactions as needed. Depending on the severity of the infusion reaction and the required interventions, consider resumption of the infusion at a minimum 50% reduction in rate after symptoms have resolved. Closely monitor the following patients: those with pre-existing cardiac or pulmonary conditions, those who experienced prior cardiopulmonary adverse reactions, and those with high numbers of circulating malignant cells ( ≥ 25,000/mm³). [See BOXED WARNING, ADVERSE REACTIONS.]
Rapid reduction in tumor volume followed by acute renal failure, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperuricemia, or hyperphosphatemia, can occur within 12-24 hours after the first infusion. Fatal TLS cases have occurred after administration of Rituxan. A high number of circulating malignant cells ( ≥ 25,000/mm³) or high tumor burden confers a greater risk of TLS after rituximab. Consider prophylaxis for TLS in patients at high risk. Correct electrolyte abnormalities, monitor renal function and fluid balance, and administer supportive care, including dialysis as indicated. [See BOXED WARNING.]
Mucocutaneous reactions, some with fatal outcome, can occur in patients treated with Rituxan. These reactions include paraneoplastic pemphigus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, lichenoid dermatitis, vesiculobullous dermatitis, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. The onset of these reactions has varied from 1-13 weeks following Rituxan exposure. Discontinue Rituxan in patients who experience a severe mucocutaneous reaction. The safety of readministration of Rituxan to patients with severe mucocutaneous reactions has not been determined. [See BOXED WARNING, ADVERSE REACTIONS.]
JC virus infection resulting in PML and death can occur in Rituxan-treated patients with hematologic malignancies or with autoimmune diseases. The majority of patients with hematologic malignancies diagnosed with PML received Rituxan in combination with chemotherapy or as part of a hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The patients with autoimmune diseases had prior or concurrent immunosuppressive therapy. Most cases of PML were diagnosed within 12 months of their last infusion of Rituxan. Consider the diagnosis of PML in any patient presenting with new-onset neurologic manifestations. Evaluation of PML includes, but is not limited to, consultation with a neurologist, brain MRI, and lumbar puncture. Discontinue Rituxan and consider discontinuation or reduction of any concomitant chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy in patients who develop PML. [See BOXED WARNING, ADVERSE REACTIONS.]
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation with fulminant hepatitis, hepatic failure, and death can occur in patients with hematologic malignancies treated with Rituxan. The median time to the diagnosis of hepatitis was approximately 4 months after the initiation of Rituxan and approximately one month after the last dose.
Screen patients at high risk of HBV infection before initiation of Rituxan. Closely monitor carriers of hepatitis B for clinical and laboratory signs of active HBV infection for several months following Rituxan therapy. Discontinue Rituxan and any concomitant chemotherapy in patients who develop viral hepatitis, and institute appropriate treatment including antiviral therapy. Insufficient data exist regarding the safety of resuming Rituxan in patients who develop hepatitis subsequent to HBV reactivation. [See ADVERSE REACTIONS.]
Rituxan is not recommended for treatment of patients with severe active infections.
The following additional serious viral infections, either new, reactivated, or exacerbated, have been identified in clinical studies or postmarketing reports. The majority of patients received Rituxan in combination with chemotherapy or as part of a hematopoietic stem cell transplant. These viral infections included cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, parvovirus B19, varicella zoster virus, West Nile virus, and hepatitis C. In some cases, the viral infections occurred as late as one year following discontinuation of Rituxan and have resulted in death. [See ADVERSE REACTIONS.]
Discontinue infusions for serious or life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Perform cardiac monitoring during and after all infusions of Rituxan for patients who develop clinically significant arrhythmias, or who have a history of arrhythmia or angina. [See ADVERSE REACTIONS.]
Severe, including fatal, renal toxicity can occur after Rituxan administration in patients with hematologic malignancies. Renal toxicity has occurred in patients with high numbers of circulating malignant cells ( ≥ 25,000/mm³) or high tumor burden who experience tumor lysis syndrome and in patients with NHL administered concomitant cisplatin therapy during clinical trials. The combination of cisplatin and Rituxan is not an approved treatment regimen. Use extreme caution if this non-approved combination is used in clinical trials and monitor closely for signs of renal failure. Consider discontinuation of Rituxan for patients with a rising serum creatinine or oliguria.
Abdominal pain, bowel obstruction and perforation, in some cases leading to death, can occur in patients receiving Rituxan in combination with chemotherapy. In postmarketing reports, the mean time to documented gastrointestinal perforation was 6 (range 1-77) days in patients with NHL. Perform a thorough diagnostic evaluation and institute appropriate treatment for complaints of abdominal pain, especially early in the course of Rituxan therapy. [See ADVERSE REACTIONS.]
The safety of immunization with live viral vaccines following Rituxan therapy has not been studied and vaccination with live virus vaccines is not recommended.
For RA patients, physicians should follow current immunization guidelines and administer non- live vaccines at least 4 weeks prior to a course of Rituxan.
The effect of Rituxan on immune responses was assessed in a randomized, controlled study in patients with RA treated with Rituxan and methotrexate (MTX) compared to patients treated with MTX alone.
A response to pneumococcal vaccination (a T-cell independent antigen) as measured by an increase in antibody titers to at least 6 of 12 serotypes was lower in patients treated with Rituxan plus MTX as compared to patients treated with MTX alone (19% vs. 61%). A lower proportion of patients in the Rituxan plus MTX group developed detectable levels of anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin antibodies (a novel protein antigen) after vaccination compared to patients on MTX alone (47% vs. 93%).
A positive response to tetanus toxoid vaccine (a T-cell dependent antigen with existing immunity) was similar in patients treated with Rituxan plus MTX compared to patients on MTX alone (39% vs. 42%). The proportion of patients maintaining a positive Candida skin test (to evaluate delayed type hypersensitivity) was also similar (77% of patients on Rituxan plus MTX vs. 70% of patients on MTX alone).
Most patients in the Rituxan-treated group had B-cell counts below the lower limit of normal at the time of immunization. The clinical implications of these findings are not known.
Because Rituxan binds to all CD20-positive B lymphocytes (malignant and non-malignant), obtain complete blood counts (CBC) and platelet counts at regular intervals during Rituxan therapy and more frequently in patients who develop cytopenias [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. The duration of cytopenias caused by Rituxan can extend months beyond the treatment period.
Limited data are available on the safety of the use of biologic agents or DMARDs other than methotrexate in patients exhibiting peripheral B-cell depletion following treatment with Rituxan. Observe patients closely for signs of infection if biologic agents and/or DMARDs are used concomitantly.
While the efficacy of Rituxan was supported in four controlled trials in patients with RA with prior inadequate responses to nonbiologic DMARDs, and in a controlled trial in MTX-naïve patients, a favorable risk-benefit relationship has not been established in these populations. The use of Rituxan in patients with RA who have not had prior inadequate response to one or more TNF antagonists is not recommended [see Clinical Studies].
See Medication Guide.
Patients should be provided the Rituxan Medication Guide and provided an opportunity to read prior to each treatment session. Because caution should be exercised in administering Rituxan to patients with active infections, it is important that the patient's overall health be assessed at each visit and the risks of Rituxan therapy and any questions resulting from the patient's reading of the Medication Guide be discussed.
Rituxan is detectable in serum for up to six months following completion of therapy. Individuals of childbearing potential should use effective contraception during treatment and for 12 months after Rituxan therapy.
Inform patients that Rituxan may lower the ability of the immune system to fight infections. Instruct patients of the importance of contacting their doctor if they develop any symptoms of infection, including new-onset neurologic symptoms that may be suggestive of PML including new or worsening medical problems, such as a new or sudden change in thinking, walking, strength, vision, or other problems that have lasted over several days.
Advise patients of the potential for serious, including fatal infusion reactions and ask them to report promptly any symptoms suggestive of infusion reactions including hives, swelling, dizziness, blurred vision, drowsiness, headache, cough, wheezing, or trouble breathing while receiving or after receiving Rituxan.
Counsel patients with NHL about the possible risk of tumor lysis syndrome while receiving Rituxan.
Advise patients to report promptly any symptoms suggestive of severe mucocutaneous reactions such as painful sores on skin or in mouth, ulcers, blisters, or peeling skin while receiving or after receiving Rituxan.
No long-term animal studies have been performed to establish the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of Rituxan, or to determine potential effects on fertility in males or females.
Category C: There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of rituximab in pregnant women. Postmarketing data indicate that B-cell lymphocytopenia generally lasting less than six months can occur in infants exposed to rituximab in-utero. Rituximab was detected postnatally in the serum of infants exposed in-utero.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and moderate-severe rheumatoid arthritis are serious conditions that require treatment. Rituximab should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit to the mother justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Reproduction studies in cynomolgus monkeys at maternal exposures similar to human therapeutic exposures showed no evidence of teratogenic effects. However, B-cell lymphoid tissue was reduced in the offspring of treated dams. The B-cell counts returned to normal levels, and immunologic function was restored within 6 months of birth.
It is not known whether Rituxan is secreted into human milk. However, Rituxan is secreted in the milk of lactating cynomolgus monkeys, and IgG is excreted in human milk. Published data suggest that antibodies in breast milk do not enter the neonatal and infant circulations in substantial amounts. The unknown risks to the infant from oral ingestion of Rituxan should be weighed against the known benefits of breastfeeding.
FDA has not required pediatric studies in polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (PJIA) patients ages 0 to 16 due to concerns regarding the potential for prolonged immunosuppression as a result of B cell depletion in the developing juvenile immune system.
The safety and effectiveness of Rituxan in pediatric patients have not been established.
Among patients with DLBCL evaluated in three randomized, active-controlled trials, 927 patients received Rituxan in combination with chemotherapy. Of these, 396 (43%) were age 65 or greater and 123 (13%) were age 75 or greater. No overall differences in effectiveness were observed between these patients and younger patients. Cardiac adverse reactions, mostly supraventricular arrhythmias, occurred more frequently among elderly patients. Serious pulmonary adverse reactions were also more common among the elderly, including pneumonia and pneumonitis.
Clinical studies of Rituxan in low-grade or follicular, CD20-positive, B-cell NHL did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Among the 2578 patients in global RA studies completed to date, 12% were 65-75 years old and 2% were 75 years old and older. The incidences of adverse reactions were similar between older and younger patients. The rates of serious adverse reactions, including serious infections, malignancies, and cardiovascular events were higher in older patients.
Last updated on RxList: 11/6/2009
There has been no experience with overdosage in human clinical trials. Single doses of up to 500 mg/m² have been given in dose-escalation clinical trials.
Rituximab binds specifically to the antigen CD20 (human B-lymphocyte-restricted differentiation antigen, Bp35), a hydrophobic transmembrane protein with a molecular weight of approximately 35 kD located on pre-B and mature B lymphocytes. The antigen is expressed on > 90% of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), but the antigen is not found on hematopoietic stem cells, pro-B-cells, normal plasma cells or other normal tissues. CD20 regulates an early step(s) in the activation process for cell cycle initiation and differentiation, and possibly functions as a calcium ion channel. CD20 is not shed from the cell surface and does not internalize upon antibody binding. Free CD20 antigen is not found in the circulation.
B cells are believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and associated chronic synovitis. In this setting, B cells may be acting at multiple sites in the autoimmune/inflammatory process, including through production of rheumatoid factor (RF) and other autoantibodies, antigen presentation, T-cell activation, and/or proinflammatory cytokine production.
Mechanism of Action: The Fab domain of rituximab binds to the CD20 antigen on B lymphocytes, and the Fc domain recruits immune effector functions to mediate B-cell lysis in vitro. Possible mechanisms of cell lysis include complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The antibody has been shown to induce apoptosis in the DHL-4 human B-cell lymphoma line.
Normal Tissue Cross-reactivity: Rituximab binding was observed on lymphoid cells in the thymus, the white pulp of the spleen, and a majority of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. Little or no binding was observed in the non-lymphoid tissues examined.
In NHL patients, administration of Rituxan resulted in depletion of circulating and tissue-based B cells. Among 166 patients in Study 1, circulating CD19-positive B cells were depleted within the first three weeks with sustained depletion for up to 6 to 9 months posttreatment in 83% of patients. B-cell recovery began at approximately 6 months and median B-cell levels returned to normal by 12 months following completion of treatment.
There were sustained and statistically significant reductions in both IgM and IgG serum levels observed from 5 through 11 months following rituximab administration; 14% of patients had IgM and/or IgG serum levels below the normal range.
In RA patients, treatment with Rituxan induced depletion of peripheral B lymphocytes, with the majority of patients demonstrating near complete depletion (CD19 counts below the lower limit of quantification, 20 cells/μl) within 2 weeks after receiving the first dose of Rituxan. The majority of patients showed peripheral B-cell depletion for at least 6 months. A small proportion of patients (~4%) had prolonged peripheral B-cell depletion lasting more than 3 years after a single course of treatment.
Total serum immunoglobulin levels, IgM, IgG, and IgA were reduced at 6 months with the greatest change observed in IgM. At Week 24 of the first course of Rituxan treatment, small proportions of patients experienced decreases in IgM (10%), IgG (2.8%), and IgA (0.8%) levels below the lower limit of normal. In the experience with Rituxan in RA patients during repeated rituximab treatment, 23.3%, 5.5%, and 0.5% of the patients experienced decreases in IgM, IgG, and IgA concentrations below the LLN at any time after receiving rituximab, respectively. The clinical consequences of decreases in immunoglobulin levels in RA patients treated with Rituxan are unclear.
Treatment with Rituxan in patients with RA was associated with reduction of certain biologic markers of inflammation such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid protein (SAA), S100 A8/S100 A9 heterodimer complex (S100 A8/9), anti-citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), and RF.
Pharmacokinetics were characterized in 203 NHL patients receiving 375 mg/m² rituximab weekly by IV infusion for 4 doses. The mean Cmax increased with each successive infusion and was 486 mcg/mL (range, 78-997 mcg/mL) following the fourth infusion. Peak and trough serum levels of rituximab were inversely correlated with pretreatment circulating CD19-positive B cells and tumor burden. Rituximab was detectable in the serum of patients 3 to 6 months after completion of treatment.
The pharmacokinetic profile of rituximab when administered as 6 infusions of 375 mg/m² in combination with 6 cycles of CHOP chemotherapy was similar to that seen with rituximab alone.
Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis of data from 298 NHL patients who received rituximab once weekly or once every three weeks, the estimated median terminal elimination half-life was 22 days (range, 6.1 to 52 days). Patients with higher CD19-positive cell counts or larger measurable tumor lesions at pretreatment had a higher clearance. However, dose adjustment for pretreatment CD19 count or size of tumor lesion is not necessary. Age and gender had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of rituximab.
Following administration of 2 doses of rituximab in patients with RA, the mean (± S.D.; % CV) concentrations after the first infusion (Cmax first) and second infusion (Cmax second) were 157 (± 46; 29%) and 183 (± 55; 30%) mcg/mL, and 318 (± 86; 27%) and 381 (± 98; 26%) mcg/mL for the 2 × 500 mg and 2 × 1000 mg doses, respectively.
Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis of data from 2005 RA patients who received rituximab, the estimated clearance of Rituxan was 0.335 L/day; volume of distribution was 3.1 L and mean terminal elimination half-life was 18.0 days (range, 5.17 to 77.5days). Age, weight and gender had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of rituximab in RA patients.
The pharmacokinetics of rituximab have not been studied in children and adolescents. No formal studies were conducted to examine the effects of either renal or hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of rituximab.
An embryo-fetal developmental toxicity study was performed on pregnant cynomolgus monkeys. Pregnant animals received rituximab via the intravenous route during early gestation (organogenesis period; post-coitum days 20 through 50). Rituximab was administered as loading doses on postcoitum (PC) Days 20, 21 and 22, at 15, 37.5 or 75 mg/kg/day, and then weekly on PC Days 29, 36, 43 and 50, at 20, 50 or 100 mg/kg/week. The 100 mg/kg/week dose resulted in 80% of the exposure (based on AUC) of those achieved following a dose of 2 grams in humans. Rituximab crosses the monkey placenta. Exposed offspring did not exhibit any teratogenic effects but did have decreased lymphoid tissue B cells.
A subsequent pre- and postnatal reproductive toxicity study in cynomolgus monkeys was completed to assess developmental effects including the recovery of B cells and immune function in infants exposed to rituximab in utero. Animals were treated with a loading dose of 0, 15, or 75 mg/kg every day for 3 days, followed by weekly dosing with 0, 20, or 100 mg/kg dose. Subsets of pregnant females were treated from PC Day 20 through postpartum Day 78, PC Day 76 through PC Day 134, and from PC Day 132 through delivery and postpartum Day 28. Regardless of the timing of treatment, decreased B cells and immunosuppression were noted in the offspring of rituximab-treated pregnant animals. The B-cell counts returned to normal levels, and immunologic function was restored within 6 months postpartum.
The safety and effectiveness of Rituxan in relapsed, refractory CD20+ NHL were demonstrated in 3 single-arm studies enrolling 296 patients.
A multicenter, open-label, single-arm study was conducted in 166 patients with relapsed or refractory, low-grade or follicular, B-cell NHL who received 375 mg/m² of Rituxan given as an intravenous infusion weekly for 4 doses. Patients with tumor masses > 10 cm or with > 5000 lymphocytes/μL in the peripheral blood were excluded from the study.
Results are summarized in Table 3. The median time to onset of response was 50 days. Disease-related signs and symptoms (including B-symptoms) resolved in 64% (25/39) of those patients with such symptoms at study entry.
In a multicenter, single-arm study, 37 patients with relapsed or refractory, low-grade NHL received 375 mg/m² of Rituxan weekly for 8 doses. Results are summarized in Table 3.
In a multicenter, single-arm study, 60 patients received 375 mg/m² of Rituxan weekly for 4 doses. All patients had relapsed or refractory, low-grade or follicular, B-cell NHL and had achieved an objective clinical response to Rituxan administered 3.8-35.6 months (median 14.5 months) prior to retreatment with Rituxan. Of these 60 patients, 5 received more than one additional course of Rituxan. Results are summarized in Table 3. Bulky Disease
In pooled data from Studies 1 and 3, 39 patients with bulky (single lesion > 10 cm in diameter) and relapsed or refractory, low-grade NHL received Rituxan 375 mg/m² weekly for 4 doses. Results are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3 : Summary of Rituxan Efficacy Data by Schedule and
Clinical Setting
| Study 1 Weekly × 4 N = 166 |
Study 2 Weekly × 8 N = 37 |
Study 1 and Study 3 Bulky disease, Weekly × 4 N = 39a |
Study 3 Retreatment, Weekly × 4 N = 60 |
|
| Overall Response Rate | 48% | 57% | 36% | 38% |
| Complete Response Rate | 6% | 14% | 3% | 10% |
| Median Duration of Responseb, c,d | 11.2 | 13.4 | 6.9 | 15.0 |
| (Months) [Range] | [1.9 to 42.1+] | [2.5 to 36.5+] | [2.8 to 25.0+] | [3.0 to 25.1+] |
| a Six of these patients are included in the first
column. Thus, data from 296 intent-to-treat patients are provided in this
table. b Kaplan-Meier projected with observed range. c “+” indicates an ongoing response. d Duration of response: interval from the onset of response to disease progression. |
||||
A total of 322 patients with previously untreated follicular NHL were randomized (1:1) to receive up to eight 3-week cycles of CVP chemotherapy alone (CVP) or in combination with Rituxan 375 mg/m² on Day 1 of each cycle (R-CVP) in an open-label, multicenter study. The main outcome measure of the study was progression-free survival (PFS) defined as the time from randomization to the first of progression, relapse, or death.
Twenty-six percent of the study population was > 60 years of age, 99% had Stage III or IV disease, and 50% had an International Prognostic Index (IPI) score ≥ 2. The results for PFS as determined by a blinded, independent assessment of progression are presented in Table 4. The point estimates may be influenced by the presence of informative censoring. The PFS results based on investigator assessment of progression were similar to those obtained by the independent review assessment.
Table 4 : Efficacy Results in Study 4
| Study Arm | ||
| R-CVP N=162 |
CVP N=160 |
|
| Median PFS (years)a | 2.4 | 1.4 |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI)b | 0.44 | (0.29, 0.65) |
| a p < 0.0001, two-sided stratified log-rank
test. b Estimates of Cox regression stratified by center. |
||
A total of 322 patients with previously untreated low-grade, B-cell NHL who did not progress after 6 or 8 cycles of CVP chemotherapy were enrolled in an open-label, multicenter, randomized trial. Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive Rituxan 375 mg/m² intravenous infusion, once weekly for 4 doses every 6 months for up to 16 doses or no further therapeutic intervention. The main outcome measure of the study was progression-free survival defined as the time from randomization to progression, relapse, or death. Thirty-seven percent of the study population was > 60 years of age, 99% had Stage III or IV disease, and 63% had an IPI score ≥ 2.
There was a reduction in the risk of progression, relapse, or death (hazard ratio estimate in the range of 0.36 to 0.49) for patients randomized to Rituxan as compared to those who received no additional treatment.
The safety and effectiveness of Rituxan were evaluated in three randomized, active-controlled, open-label, multicenter studies with a collective enrollment of 1854 patients. Patients with previously untreated diffuse large B-cell NHL received Rituxan in combination with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) or other anthracycline-based chemotherapy regimens.
A total of 632 patients age ≥ 60 years with DLBCL (including primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma) were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to treatment with CHOP or R-CHOP. Patients received 6 or 8 cycles of CHOP, each cycle lasting 21 days. All patients in the R-CHOP arm received 4 doses of Rituxan 375 mg/m² on Days 7 and 3 (prior to Cycle 1) and 48-72 hours prior to Cycles 3 and 5. Patients who received 8 cycles of CHOP also received Rituxan prior to Cycle 7. The main outcome measure of the study was progression-free survival, defined as the time from randomization to the first of progression, relapse, or death. Responding patients underwent a second randomization to receive Rituxan or no further therapy.
Among all enrolled patients, 62% had centrally confirmed DLBCL histology, 73% had Stage III-IV disease, 56% had IPI scores ≥ 2, 86% had ECOG performance status of < 2, 57% had elevated LDH levels, and 30% had two or more extranodal disease sites involved. Efficacy results are presented in Table 5. These results reflect a statistical approach which allows for an evaluation of Rituxan administered in the induction setting that excludes any potential impact of Rituxan given after the second randomization. Analysis of results after the second randomization in Study 6 demonstrates that for patients randomized to R-CHOP, additional Rituxan exposure beyond induction was not associated with further improvements in progression-free survival or overall survival.
A total of 399 patients with DLBCL, age ≥ 60 years, were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive CHOP or R-CHOP. All patients received up to eight 3-week cycles of CHOP induction; patients in the R-CHOP arm received Rituxan 375 mg/m² on Day 1 of each cycle. The main outcome measure of the study was event-free survival, defined as the time from randomization to relapse, progression, change in therapy, or death from any cause. Among all enrolled patients, 80% had Stage III or IV disease, 60% of patients had an age-adjusted IPI ≥ 2, 80% had ECOG performance status scores < 2, 66% had elevated LDH levels, and 52% had extranodal involvement in at least two sites. Efficacy results are presented in Table 5.
A total of 823 patients with DLBCL, aged 18-60 years, were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive an anthracycline-containing chemotherapy regimen alone or in combination with Rituxan. The main outcome measure of the study was time to treatment failure, defined as time from randomization to the earliest of progressive disease, failure to achieve a complete response, relapse, or death. Among all enrolled patients, 28% had Stage III-IV disease, 100% had IPI scores of ≤ 1, 99% had ECOG performance status of < 2, 29% had elevated LDH levels, 49% had bulky disease, and 34% had extranodal involvement. Efficacy results are presented in Table 5.
Table 5 : Efficacy Results in Studies 6, 7, and 8
| Main outcome | Study 6 (n =632) |
Study 7 (n =399) |
Study 8 (n =823) |
|||
| R-CHOP | CHOP | R-CHOP | CHOP | R-Chemo | Chemo | |
| Progression-free survival (years) | Event-free survival (years) | Time to treatment failure (years) | ||||
| Median of main outcome measure | 3.1 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 1.1 | NEb | NEb |
| Hazard ratiod | 0.69a | 0.60a | 0.45a | |||
| Overall survival at 2 yearsc | 74% | 63% | 69% | 58% | 95% | 86% |
| Hazard ratiod | 0.72a | 0.68a | 0.40a | |||
| a Significant at p < 0.05, 2-sided. b NE = Not reliably estimable. c Kaplan-Meier estimates. d R-CHOP vs. CHOP. |
||||||
In Study 7, overall survival estimates at 5 years were 58% vs. 46% for R-CHOP and CHOP, respectively.
The efficacy and safety of Rituxan were evaluated in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of adult patients with moderately to severely active RA who had a prior inadequate response to at least one TNF inhibitor. Patients were 18 years of age or older, diagnosed with active RA according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, and had at least 8 swollen and 8 tender joints.
In RA Study 1, patients were randomized to receive either Rituxan 2 x 1000 mg + MTX or placebo + MTX for 24 weeks. Further courses of Rituxan 2 x 1000 mg + MTX were administered in an open label extension study at a frequency determined by clinical evaluation, but no sooner than 16 weeks after the preceding course of Rituxan. In addition to the IV premedication, glucocorticoids were administered orally on a tapering schedule from baseline through Day 14. The proportions of patients achieving ACR 20, 50, and 70 responses at Week 24 of the placebo-controlled period are shown in Table 6.
In RA Study 2, all patients received the first course of Rituxan 2 x 1000 mg + MTX. Patients who experienced ongoing disease activity were randomized to receive a second course of either Rituxan 2 x 1000 mg + MTX or placebo + MTX, the majority between Weeks 24-28. The proportions of patients achieving ACR 20, 50, and 70 responses at Week 24, before the re-treatment course, and at Week 48, after retreatment, are shown in Table 6.
Table 6 : ACR Responses in Study 1 and Study 2 (Percent of
Patients) (Modified Intent-to-Treat Population)
| Response | Inadequate Response to TNF Antagonists | ||||||
| Study 1 24 Week Placebo-Controlled (Week 24) |
Study 2 Placebo-Controlled Retreatment (Week 24 and Week 48) |
||||||
| Placebo + MTX n = 201 |
Rituxan + MTX n = 298 |
Treatment Difference (Rituxan – Placebo)c (95% CI) |
Response | Placebo + MTX Retreatment n = 157 |
Rituxan + MTX Retreatment n = 318 |
Treatment Difference (Rituxan – Placebo) a , b, c (95% CI) |
|
| ACR20 | ACR20 | ||||||
|
|
18% | 51% | 33% (26%, 41%) |
|
48% | 45% | NA |
|
|
45% | 54% | 11% (2%, 20%) |
||||
| ACR50 | ACR50 | ||||||
|
|
5% | 27% | 21% (15%, 27%) |
|
27% | 21% | NA |
|
|
26% | 29% | 4% (-4%, 13%) |
||||
| ACR70 | ACR70 | ||||||
|
|
1% | 12% | 11% (7%, 15%) |
|
11% | 8% | NA |
|
|
13% | 14% | 1% (-5%, 8%) |
||||
| a In Study 2, all patients received
a first course of Rituxan 2 x 1000 mg. Patients who experienced ongoing
disease activity were randomized to receive a second course of either
Rituxan 2 x 1000 mg + MTX or placebo + MTX at or after Week 24. b Since all patients received a first course of Rituxan, no comparison between Placebo + MTX and Rituxan + MTX is made at Week 24. c For Study 1, weighted difference stratified by region (US, rest of the world) and Rheumatoid Factor (RF) status (positive > = 20 IU/mL, negative < 20 IU/mL) at baseline; For Study 2, weighted difference stratified by RF status at baseline and > =20% improvement from baseline in both SJC and TJC at Week 24 (Yes/No). |
|||||||
Improvement was also noted for all components of ACR response following treatment with Rituxan, as shown in Table 7.
Table 7 : Components of ACR Response at Week 24 in Study
1 (Modified Intent-to-Treat Population)
| Parameter (median) | Inadequate Response to TNF Antagonists | |||
| Placebo+ MTX (n = 201) |
Rituxan+ MTX (n = 298) |
|||
| Baseline | Wk 24 | Baseline | Wk 24 | |
| Tender Joint Count | 31.0 | 27.0 | 33.0 | 13.0 |
| Swollen Joint Count | 20.0 | 19.0 | 21.0 | 9.5 |
| Physician Global Assessmenta | 71.0 | 69.0 | 71.0 | 36.0 |
| Patient Global Assessmenta | 73.0 | 68.0 | 71.0 | 41.0 |
| Paina | 68.0 | 68.0 | 67.0 | 38.5 |
| Disability Index (HAQ)b | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.5 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 0.9 |
| a Visual Analogue Scale: 0 = best, 100 = worst.
b Disability Index of the Health Assessment Questionnaire: 0 = best, 3 = worst. |
||||
The time course of ACR 20 response for Study 1 is shown in Figure 1. Although both treatment groups received a brief course of intravenous and oral glucocorticoids, resulting in similar benefits at Week 4, higher ACR 20 responses were observed for the Rituxan group by Week 8. A similar proportion of patients achieved these responses through Week 24 after a single course of treatment (2 infusions) with Rituxan. Similar patterns were demonstrated for ACR 50 and 70 responses.
Figure 1 : Percent of Patients Achieving ACR 20 Response
by Visit* Study 1 (Inadequate Response to TNF Antagonists)
 |
*The same patients may not have responded at each time point.
In RA Study 1, structural joint damage was assessed radiographically and expressed as changes in Genant-modified Total Sharp Score (TSS) and its components, the erosion score (ES) and the joint space narrowing (JSN) score. Rituxan + MTX slowed the progression of structural damage compared to placebo + MTX after 1 year as shown in Table 8.
Table 8 : Mean Radiographic Change From Baseline to 104 Weeks
| Parameter | Inadequate Response to TNFAntagonists | |||
| Rituxan 2 x 1000 mg + MTXb | Placebo + MTXc | Treatment Difference (Placebo – Rituxan) | 95% CI | |
| Change during First Year | ||||
| TSS | 0.66 | 1.78 | 1.12 | (0.48, 1.76) |
| ES | 0.44 | 1.19 | 0.75 | (0.32, 1.18) |
| JSN Score | 0.22 | 0.59 | 0.37 | (0.11, 0.63) |
| Change during Second Yeara | ||||
| TSS | 0.48 | 1.04 | - | - |
| ES | 0.28 | 0.62 | - | - |
| JSN Score | 0.20 | 0.42 | - | - |
| a Based on radiographic scoring following 104
weeks of observation. b Patients received up to 2 years of treatment with Rituxan + MTX. c Patients receiving Placebo + MTX. Patients receiving Placebo+ MTX could have received retreatment with Rituxan + MTX from Week 16 onward. |
||||
In RA Study 1 and its open-label extension, 70% of patients initially randomized to Rituxan + MTX and 72% of patients initially randomized to placebo + MTX were evaluated radiographically at Year 2. As shown in Table 8, progression of structural damage in Rituxan + MTX patients was further reduced in the second year of treatment.
Following 2 years of treatment with Rituxan + MTX, 57% of patients had no progression of structural damage. During the first year, 60% of Rituxan + MTX treated patients had no progression, defined as a change in TSS of zero or less compared to baseline, compared to 46% of placebo + MTX treated patients. In their second year of treatment with Rituxan + MTX, more patients had no progression than in the first year (68% vs. 60%), and 87% of the Rituxan + MTX treated patients who had no progression in the first year also had no progression in the second year.
RA Study 3 is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study which evaluated the effect of placebo + MTX compared to Rituxan 2 x 500 mg + MTX and Rituxan 2 x 1000 mg + MTX treatment courses in MTX-naïve RA patients with moderately to severely active disease. Patients received a first course of two infusions of rituximab or placebo on Days 1 and 15. MTX was initiated at 7.5 mg/week and escalated up to 20 mg/week by week 8 in all three treatment arms. After a minimum of 24 weeks, patients with ongoing disease activity were eligible to receive re-treatment with additional courses of their assigned treatment. After one year of treatment, the proportion of patients achieving ACR 20/50/70 responses were similar in both Rituxan dose groups and were higher than in the placebo group. However, with respect to radiographic scores, only the Rituxan 1000 mg treatment group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in TSS: a change of 0.36 units compared to 1.08 units for the placebo group, a 67% reduction.
RA Study 4 is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adult RA patients with moderately to severely active disease with inadequate response to MTX. Patients were randomized to receive an initial course of Rituxan 500 mg, Rituxan 1000 mg, or placebo in addition to background MTX.
Physical function was assessed at Weeks 24 and 48 using the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI). From baseline to Week 24, a greater proportion of Rituxan-treated patients had an improvement in HAQ-DI of at least 0.22 (a minimal clinically important difference) and a greater mean HAQ-DI improvement compared to placebo, as shown in Table 10. HAQ-DI results for the Rituxan 500 mg treatment group were similar to the Rituxan 1000 mg treatment group; however radiographic responses were not assessed (see Dosing Precaution in the Radiographic Responses section above). These improvements were maintained at 48 weeks.
Table 9 : Improvement from Baseline in Health Assessment
Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) at Week 24 in Study 4
| Placebo + MTX n = 172 |
Rituxan 2 x 1000 mg + MTX n = 170 |
Treatment Difference (Rituxan – CI) Placebo)b (95% CI) |
|
| Mean Improvement from Baseline | 0.19 | 0.42 | 0.23 (0.11, 0.34) |
| Percent of patients with “Improved” score (Change from Baseline ≥ MCID)a | 48% | 58% | 11% (0%, 21%) |
| a Minimal Clinically Important Difference: MCID
for HAQ = 0.22. b Adjusted difference stratified by region (US, rest of the world) and rheumatoid factor (RF) status (positive > = 20 IU/mL, negative < 20 IU/mL) at baseline |
|||
Last updated on RxList: 11/6/2009
MEDICATION GUIDE
RITUXAN®
(ri-tuk´-san)
(rituximab)
Read the Medication Guide given to you before you start Rituxan and before each Rituxan infusion. The information may have changed. This Medication Guide does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment. Talk with your doctor if you have any questions about your treatment with Rituxan.
What is the most important information I should know about Rituxan?
Rituxan can cause serious side effects including:
See “What are possible side effects with Rituxan?” for other serious side effects.
What is Rituxan?
Rituxan is a prescription medicine used in adults:
What should I tell my doctor before treatment with Rituxan?
Tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions, including if you:
Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and nonprescription medicines, vitamins, or herbal supplements. If you have RA, especially tell your doctor if you take or have taken another medicine called a TNF antagonist or a DMARD (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug).
How do I receive Rituxan?
Before each Rituxan treatment, your doctor or nurse will ask you questions about your general health to make sure that Rituxan is still right for you. Tell your doctor or nurse about any new symptoms and symptoms that get worse over a few days or that will not go away.
What are the possible side effects of Rituxan?
The “What is the most important information I should know about Rituxan?” section lists certain serious and life-threatening side effects with Rituxan. Rituxan can cause other serious and life-threatening side effects including:
Common side effects during Rituxan infusions include
|
|
Other side effects with Rituxan include
Tell your doctor about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all of the possible side effects with Rituxan. Ask your doctor for more information.
General Information about Rituxan
This Medication Guide provides a summary of the most important information about Rituxan. Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. If you would like more information or have any questions, talk with your doctor. You can ask your doctor for information about Rituxan that is written for healthcare professionals. You can also visit www.Rituxan.com or call 1-877-474-8892.
What are the ingredients in Rituxan?
Active ingredient: rituximab
Inactive ingredients: sodium chloride, sodium citrate dihydrate, polysorbate 80, and water for injection.
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Last updated on RxList: 11/6/2009
IMPORTANT NOTE: This is a summary and does not contain all possible information about this product. For complete information about this product or your specific health needs, ask your health care professional. Always seek the advice of your health care professional if you have any questions about this product or your medical condition. This information is not intended as individual medical advice and does not substitute for the knowledge and judgment of your health care professional. This information does not contain any assurances that this product is safe, effective, or appropriate for you.
RITUXIMAB - INJECTION
(rye-TUX-ih-mab)
COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Rituxan
WARNING: Rituximab may infrequently cause serious (sometimes fatal) side effects including severe breathing problems (e.g., hypoxia, pulmonary infiltrates, acute respiratory distress syndrome) or heart problems (e.g., heart attack, irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure). These effects are more likely if you already have heart or lung problems. Your doctor will carefully watch you during treatment and may stop or slow down your treatment if you have any signs of a reaction. If these serious side effects occur, it will usually be within 30 minutes to 2 hours of receiving this drug. The risk is also higher during your first treatment. However, severe side effects may occur several weeks to months after your last treatment, so it is very important to keep all your follow-up appointments. Seek immediate medical attention if you have trouble breathing (e.g., cough, wheezing), itching, swelling (especially of the throat/lips), dizziness, fast/slow/irregular heartbeat, or chest pain.
Rarely, serious (sometimes fatal) skin reactions (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome) have occurred in people taking this medication. Seek immediate medical attention if you develop any rash, blisters, peeling skin, or sores. These reactions can occur weeks to months after your treatment has ended.
Rarely, a serious (sometimes fatal) brain infection (Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy-PML) has occurred in people taking this medication. Seek immediate medical attention if you develop any signs of PML, including vision problems, loss of balance/coordination, or confusion.
When large numbers of cancer cells are killed quickly, kidney failure can occur because the kidneys can have trouble getting rid of the dead cells. Tell your doctor immediately if there is a large change in the amount of urine, which could be a sign of a kidney problem. The risk is greater within the first 1-2 days after your treatment is begun. Kidney failure is more likely if you have a large number of cancer cells in the blood, a large tumor, or are being treated with cis-platinum. Laboratory tests (e.g., electrolytes, kidney function) may be performed to monitor your progress and watch for side effects.
USES: Rituximab is used alone or with other medications to treat certain types of cancer (e.g., non-Hodgkin's lymphoma). It is a type of medication called a monoclonal antibody. It works by attaching to certain blood cells from your immune system (B cells) and killing them. It is also used with other monoclonal antibodies and radioactive drugs to treat certain cancers.
Rituximab is also used with methotrexate to treat moderate-to-severe forms of rheumatoid arthritis. It is usually used for arthritis only after other medications have not worked. It can decrease joint pain and swelling.
HOW TO USE: Read the Medication Guide provided by your pharmacist before you start using rituximab and each time you get a refill. If you have any questions, consult your doctor or pharmacist.
This medication will be given by a health care professional. It is mixed in a solution and given slowly over several hours by vein (IV) as directed by your doctor. The dose and how often you receive the medication depends on your condition, other treatments, and response to therapy. If you are being treated for cancer, you will receive one or more doses, usually once a week. If you are being treated for arthritis, you will usually receive 2 doses, usually 2 weeks apart.
Your doctor may prescribe other medications (e.g., acetaminophen, diphenhydramine, methylprednisolone) for you to take 30 minutes before the start of your treatment to help prevent serious side effects. Your dose will be started slowly, and the rate will be increased if you are tolerating the medication well.
Ask your doctor if you should take your regular medications (e.g., drugs for high blood pressure) before your treatment.
Follow all instructions for proper mixing and dilution with correct IV fluids. Follow all safety precautions. Ask your pharmacist if you have questions about the use of this medication.
Do not shake the IV liquid. After adding the drug to the IV fluid, gently turn the bag upside down and over to mix the drug into the liquid. Before using, check this product visually for particles or discoloration. If either is present, do not use the liquid.
Headache, fever, chills, nausea, heartburn, flushing, weakness, or dizziness may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, contact your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.
Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: back/joint/muscle pain, increased thirst/urination, swelling of the hands/feet, tingling of the hands/feet.
If you have a current or past infection with hepatitis B or other virus infections (e.g., herpes, JC virus), rituximab may infrequently cause the infection to return or worsen. This may happen during treatment or up to 1 year after treatment is finished. Very serious liver disease could occur. If you have hepatitis B, you may be given antiviral medications to control the disease. Seek immediate medical attention if you develop signs of a new or returning infection or liver disease such as: persistent stomach/abdominal pain, extreme tiredness, dark urine, yellowing eyes/skin.
This medication can cause a decrease in blood cells (cytopenia), which can cause bleeding problems and lower the body's ability to fight an infection. This serious side effect can happen days, weeks, or months after your treatment has finished. Notify your doctor promptly if you develop any of the following side effects: easy bleeding/bruising, black/tarry stools, vomit that looks like coffee grounds, signs of an infection (e.g., fever, chills, persistent sore throat, painful urination).
A serious allergic reaction to this drug is unlikely, but seek immediate medical attention if it occurs. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction include: rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, trouble breathing.
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.
Contact your doctor for medical advice about side effects. The following numbers do not provide medical advice, but in the US you may report side effects to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at 1-800-FDA-1088. In Canada, you may call Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
PRECAUTIONS: Before using rituximab, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to other mouse protein medications; or if you have any other allergies.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: blood disorders (e.g., thrombocytopenia), heart problems (e.g., irregular heartbeat, angina), current or returning infections, lung problems (e.g., pulmonary infiltrates), previous severe reaction to monoclonal antibody treatment, planned surgery/vaccinations, virus infection (e.g., chickenpox, hepatitis B or C, herpes).
This drug may make you dizzy. Use caution while driving, using machinery, or taking part in any other activity that requires alertness. Limit alcoholic beverages.
Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist that you are using this medication.
Do not have immunizations/vaccinations without the consent of your doctor, and avoid contact with people who have recently received oral polio vaccine or flu vaccine inhaled through the nose.
To lower your risk of getting cut, bruised, or injured, use caution with sharp objects like razors and nail cutters, and avoid activities such as contact sports.
Wash your hands well to prevent the spread of infections.
Caution should be used when using this in the elderly because they may be at greater risk for heart problems (e.g., irregular heartbeat) or lung problems (e.g., pneumonia).
During pregnancy, this medication must not be used unless clearly needed due to a risk of harm to the unborn baby. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. Becoming pregnant is not recommended during treatment with this medication and for at least 12 months after treatment is finished. Consult your doctor or pharmacist about using a reliable form of birth control (e.g., condoms, birth control pills).
It is not known whether this drug passes into breast milk. Because of the possible risk to the infant, breast-feeding while using this drug is not recommended. You should not begin breast-feeding until treatment is finished and blood test show that there is no more rituximab in your body. Consult your doctor to decide when it is safe to start breast-feeding.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and nonprescription/herbal products you may use, especially of: other anti-cancer drugs (e.g., cis-platinum, fludarabine), drugs for high blood pressure (e.g., enalapril, metoprolol, verapamil), drugs that affect the immune system (e.g., azathioprine, cyclosporine, corticosteroids such as prednisone), recent or planned immunizations (e.g., polio vaccine taken by mouth, measles vaccines).
Do not start or stop any medicine without the approval of your doctor or pharmacist.
This document does not contain all possible interactions. Therefore, before using this product, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the products you use. Keep a list of all your medications with you, and share the list with your doctor and pharmacist.
OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents should call the US National Poison Hotline at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents should call a provincial poison control center.
NOTES: Laboratory and/or medical tests (e.g., complete blood count, platelet count, electrolytes, hepatitis B virus, kidney/liver function) may be performed to monitor for side effects and response to treatment.
MISSED DOSE: For the best possible benefit, it is important to receive each scheduled dose of this medication as directed. If you miss a dose, contact your doctor to establish a new dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.
STORAGE: Store unopened vials in the refrigerator between 36-46 degrees F (2-8 degrees C) away from light and moisture. Discard any unused liquid left in the vial after mixing. Do not freeze or shake the vials.
Store the mixed solution in the refrigerator at 36-46 degrees F (2-8 degrees C ) for up to 24 hours. Protect from light. Do not freeze. The mixed solution is stable for an additional 24 hours at room temperature if protected from direct sunlight. Discard the mixed solution after 24 hours.
Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product.
MEDICAL ALERT: Your condition can cause complications in a medical emergency. For information about enrolling in MedicAlert, call 1-800-854-1166 (USA) or 1-800-668-1507 (Canada).
Information last revised July 2008 Copyright(c) 2008 First DataBank, Inc.
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