SUSTIVA®
(efavirenz) Capsules and Tablets
SUSTIVA® (efavirenz) is an HIV-1 specific, non-nucleoside, reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). Efavirenz is chemically described as (S)-6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one. Its empirical formula is C14H9ClF3NO2 and its structural formula is:
 |
Efavirenz is a white to slightly pink crystalline powder with a molecular mass of 315.68. It is practically insoluble in water ( < 10 microgram/mL).
Capsules: SUSTIVA is available as capsules for oral administration containing either 50 mg or 200 mg of efavirenz and the following inactive ingredients: lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and sodium starch glycolate. The capsule shell contains the following inactive ingredients and dyes: gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, titanium dioxide, and/or yellow iron oxide. The capsule shells may also contain silicon dioxide. The capsules are printed with ink containing carmine 40 blue, FD&C Blue No. 2, and titanium dioxide.
Tablets: SUSTIVA is available as film-coated tablets for oral administration containing 600 mg of efavirenz and the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate. The film coating contains Opadry Yellow and Opadry Clear. The tablets are polished with carnauba wax and printed with purple ink, Opacode WB.
Last updated on RxList: 10/14/2009
SUSTIVA (efavirenz) in combination with other antiretroviral agents is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. This indication is based on two clinical trials of at least one year duration that demonstrated prolonged suppression of HIV RNA [see Clinical Studies].
The recommended dosage of SUSTIVA (efavirenz) is 600 mg orally, once daily, in combination with a protease inhibitor and/or nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). It is recommended that SUSTIVA be taken on an empty stomach, preferably at bedtime. The increased efavirenz concentrations observed following administration of SUSTIVA with food may lead to an increase in frequency of adverse reactions [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of nervous system symptoms [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS, and Patient Counseling Information].
SUSTIVA must be given in combination with other antiretroviral medications [see INDICATIONS, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
If SUSTIVA is coadministered with voriconazole, the voriconazole maintenance dose should be increased to 400 mg every 12 hours and the SUSTIVA dose should be decreased to 300 mg once daily using the capsule formulation (one 200-mg and two 50-mg capsules or six 50-mg capsules). SUSTIVA tablets should not be broken. See DRUG INTERACTIONS, Table 7 and CLINICAL PHARMACOLGY, Table 8 and 9.
It is recommended that SUSTIVA be taken on an empty stomach, preferably at bedtime. Table 1 describes the recommended dose of SUSTIVA for pediatric patients 3 years of age or older and weighing between 10 and 40 kg [see Use in Specific Populations]. The recommended dosage of SUSTIVA for pediatric patients weighing greater than 40 kg is 600 mg once daily.
Table 1: Pediatric Dose to be Administered Once Daily
| Body Weight | SUSTIVA Dose (mg) | |
| kg | lbs | |
| 10 to less than 15 | 22 to less than 33 | 200 |
| 15 to less than 20 | 33 to less than 44 | 250 |
| 20 to less than 25 | 44 to less than 55 | 300 |
| 25 to less than 32.5 | 55 to less than 71.5 | 350 |
| 32.5 to less than 40 | 71.5 to less than 88 | 400 |
| at least 40 | at least 88 | 600 |
200-mg capsules are gold color, reverse printed with “SUSTIVA” on the body and imprinted “200 mg” on the cap.
50-mg capsules are gold color and white, printed with “SUSTIVA” on the gold color cap and reverse printed “50 mg” on the white body.
600-mg tablets are yellow, capsular-shaped, film-coated tablets, with “SUSTIVA” printed on both sides.
SUSTIVA® (efavirenz) capsules are available as follows:
Capsules 200 mg are gold color, reverse printed with “SUSTIVA” on the body and imprinted “200 mg” on the cap.
Bottles of 90 NDC 0056-0474-92
Capsules 50 mg are gold color and white, printed with “SUSTIVA” on the gold color cap and reverse printed “50 mg” on the white body.
Bottles of 30 NDC 0056-0470-30
SUSTIVA® (efavirenz) tablets are available as follows:
Tablets 600 mg are yellow, capsular-shaped, film-coated tablets, with “SUSTIVA” printed on both sides.
Bottles of 30 NDC 0056-0510-30
SUSTIVA capsules and SUSTIVA tablets should be stored at 25° C (77° F); excursions permitted to 15°–30° C (59°–86° F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Distributed by: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Rev Sep 2009
Last updated on RxList: 10/14/2009
The most significant adverse reactions observed in patients treated with SUSTIVA are:
The most common ( > 5% in either efavirenz treatment group) adverse reactions of at least moderate severity among patients in Study 006 treated with SUSTIVA in combination with zidovudine/lamivudine or indinavir were rash, dizziness, nausea, headache, fatigue, insomnia, and vomiting.
Because clinical studies are conducted under widely varying conditions, the adverse reaction rates reported cannot be directly compared to rates in other clinical studies and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Selected clinical adverse reactions of moderate or severe intensity observed in ≥ 2% of SUSTIVA-treated patients in two controlled clinical trials are presented in Table 3.
Table 3: Selected Treatment-Emergenta Adverse
Reactions of Moderate or Severe Intensity Reported in ≥ 2% of SUSTIVA-Treated
Patients in Studies 006 and ACTG 364
| Study 006 LAM-, NNRTI-, and Protease Inhibitor-Naive Patients | Study ACTG 364 NRTI-experienced, NNRTI- and Protease Inhibitor-Naive Patients | |||||
| Adverse Reactions | SUSTIVAb + ZDV/LAM (n=412) 180 weeksc |
SUSTIVAb + Indinavir (n=415) 102 weeksc |
Indinavir + ZDV/LAM (n=401) 76 weeksc |
SUSTIVAb + Nelfinavir + NRTIs (n=64) 71.1 weeksc |
SUSTIVAb + NRTIs (n=65)70.9 weeksc |
Nelfinavir + NRTIs (n=66)62.7 weeksc |
| Body as a Whole | ||||||
| Fatigue | 8% | 5% | 9% | 0 | 2% | 3% |
| Pain | 1% | 2% | 8% | 13% | 6% | 17% |
| Central and Peripheral Nervous System | ||||||
| Dizziness | 9% | 9% | 2% | 2% | 6% | 6% |
| Headache | 8% | 5% | 3% | 5% | 2% | 3% |
| Insomnia | 7% | 7% | 2% | 0 | 0 | 2% |
| Concentration impaired | 5% | 3% | < 1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Abnormal dreams | 3% | 1% | 0 | — | — | — |
| Somnolence | 2% | 2% | < 1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Anorexia | 1% | < 1% | < 1% | 0 | 2% | 2% |
| Gastrointestinal | ||||||
| Nausea | 10% | 6% | 24% | 3% | 2% | 2% |
| Vomiting | 6% | 3% | 14% | — | — | — |
| Diarrhea | 3% | 5% | 6% | 14% | 3% | 9% |
| Dyspepsia | 4% | 4% | 6% | 0 | 0 | 2% |
| Abdominal pain | 2% | 2% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 3% |
| Psychiatric | ||||||
| Anxiety | 2% | 4% | < 1% | — | — | — |
| Depression | 5% | 4% | < 1% | 3% | 0 | 5% |
| Nervousness | 2% | 2% | 0 | 2% | 0 | 2% |
| Skin & Appendages | ||||||
| Rashd | 11% | 16% | 5% | 9% | 5% | 9% |
| Pruritus | < 1% | 1% | 1% | 9% | 5% | 9% |
| a Includes adverse events at least
possibly related to study drug or of unknown relationship for Study 006.
Includes all adverse events regardless of relationship to study drug for
Study ACTG 364. b SUSTIVA provided as 600 mg once daily. c Median duration of treatment. d Includes erythema multiforme, rash, rash erythematous, rash follicular, rash maculopapular, rash petechial, rash pustular, and urticaria for Study 006 and macules, papules, rash, erythema, redness, inflammation, allergic rash, urticaria, welts, hives, itchy, and pruritus for ACTG 364. — = Not Specified. ZDV = zidovudine, LAM=lamivudine. |
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Pancreatitis has been reported, although a causal relationship with efavirenz has not been established. Asymptomatic increases in serum amylase levels were observed in a significantly higher number of patients treated with efavirenz 600 mg than in control patients (see Laboratory Abnormalities).
For 1008 patients treated with regimens containing SUSTIVA and 635 patients treated with a control regimen in controlled trials, Table 4 lists the frequency of symptoms of different degrees of severity and gives the discontinuation rates for one or more of the following nervous system symptoms: dizziness, insomnia, impaired concentration, somnolence, abnormal dreaming, euphoria, confusion, agitation, amnesia, hallucinations, stupor, abnormal thinking, and depersonalization [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. The frequencies of specific central and peripheral nervous system symptoms are provided in Table 3.
Table 4: Percent of Patients with One or More Selected Nervous
System Symptomsa,b
| Percent of Patients with: | SUSTIVA 600 mg Once Daily (n=1008) % |
Control Groups (n=635) % |
| Symptoms of any severity | 52.7 | 24.6 |
| Mild symptomsc | 33.3 | 15.6 |
| Moderate symptomsd | 17.4 | 7.7 |
| Severe symptomse | 2.0 | 1.3 |
| Treatment discontinuation as a result of symptoms | 2.1 | 1.1 |
| a Includes events reported regardless of causality. b Data from Study 006 and three Phase 2/3 studies. c “Mild” = Symptoms which do not interfere with patient's daily activities. d “Moderate” = Symptoms which may interfere with daily activities. e “Severe” = Events which interrupt patient's usual daily activities. |
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Serious psychiatric adverse experiences have been reported in patients treated with SUSTIVA. In controlled trials, psychiatric symptoms observed at a frequency of > 2% among patients treated with SUSTIVA or control regimens, respectively, were depression (19%, 16%), anxiety (13%, 9%), and nervousness (7%, 2%).
For 1008 adults and 57 pediatric patients treated with regimens containing SUSTIVA and 635 patients treated with a control regimen in controlled trials, the frequency of rash by NCI grade and the discontinuation rates as a result of rash in clinical studies are provided in Table 5 [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Table 5: Percent of Patients with Treatment-Emergent Rasha,b
| Percent of Patients with: | Description of Rash Gradec | SUSTIVA 600 mg Once Daily Adults (n=1008) % |
SUSTIVA Pediatric Patients (n=57) % |
Control Groups Adults (n=635) % |
| Rash of any grade | - | 26.3 | 45.6 | 17.5 |
| Grade 1 rash | Erythema, pruritus | 10.7 | 8.8 | 9.8 |
| Grade 2 rash | Diffuse maculopapular rash, dry desquamation | 14.7 | 31.6 | 7.4 |
| Grade 3 rash | Vesiculation, moist desquamation, ulceration | 0.8 | 1.8 | 0.3 |
| Grade 4 rash | Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, necrosis requiring surgery, exfoliative dermatitis | 0.1 | 3.5 | 0.0 |
| Treatment discontinuation as a result of rash | - | 1.7 | 8.8 | 0.3 |
| a Includes events reported regardless
of causality. b Data from Study 006 and three Phase 2/3 studies. c NCI Grading System. |
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As seen in Table 5, rash is more common in pediatric patients and more often of higher grade (ie, more severe) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Experience with SUSTIVA in patients who discontinued other antiretroviral agents of the NNRTI class is limited. Nineteen patients who discontinued nevirapine because of rash have been treated with SUSTIVA. Nine of these patients developed mild-to-moderate rash while receiving therapy with SUSTIVA, and two of these patients discontinued because of rash.
Selected Grade 3-4 laboratory abnormalities reported in ≥ 2% of SUSTIVA-treated patients in two clinical trials are presented in Table 6.
Table 6: Selected Grade 3-4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported
in ≥ 2% of SUSTIVA-Treated Patients in Studies 006 and ACTG 364
| Study 006 LAM-, NNRTI-, and Protease Inhibitor-Naive Patients | Study ACTG 364 NRTI-experienced, NNRTI- and Protease Inhibitor-Naive Patients | ||||||
| Variable | Limit | SUSTIVAa + ZDV/LAM (n=412) 180 weeksb |
SUSTIVAa + Indinavir (n=415) 102 weeksb |
Indinavir + ZDV/LAM (n=401) 76 weeksb |
SUSTIVAa + Nelfinavir + NRTIs (n=64) 71.1 weeksb | SUSTIVAa + NRTIs (n=65) 70.9 weeksb |
Nelfinavir + NRTIs (n=66) 62.7 weeksb |
| Chemistry | |||||||
| ALT | > 5 x ULN | 5% | 8% | 5% | 2% | 6% | 3% |
| AST | > 5 x ULN | 5% | 6% | 5% | 6% | 8% | 8% |
| GGTc | > 5 x ULN | 8% | 7% | 3% | 5% | 0 | 5% |
| Amylase | > 2 x ULN | 4% | 4% | 1% | 0 | 6% | 2% |
| Glucose | > 250 mg/dL | 3% | 3% | 3% | 5% | 2% | 3% |
| Triglyceridesd | ≥ 751 mg/dL | 9% | 6% | 6% | 11% | 8% | 17% |
| Hematology | |||||||
| Neutrophils | < 750/mm3 | 10% | 3% | 5% | 2% | 3% | 2% |
| a SUSTIVA provided as 600 mg once daily. b Median duration of treatment. c Isolated elevations of GGT in patients receiving SUSTIVA may reflect enzyme induction not associated with liver toxicity. d Nonfasting. ZDV = zidovudine, LAM = lamivudine, ULN = Upper limit of normal, ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, GGT = gamma-glutamyltransferase. |
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Liver function tests should be monitored in patients with a history of hepatitis B and/or C. In the long-term data set from Study 006, 137 patients treated with SUSTIVA-containing regimens (median duration of therapy, 68 weeks) and 84 treated with a control regimen (median duration, 56 weeks) were seropositive at screening for hepatitis B (surface antigen positive) and/or C (hepatitis C antibody positive). Among these coinfected patients, elevations in AST to greater than five times ULN developed in 13% of patients in the SUSTIVA arms and 7% of those in the control arm, and elevations in ALT to greater than five times ULN developed in 20% of patients in the SUSTIVA arms and 7% of patients in the control arm. Among coinfected patients, 3% of those treated with SUSTIVA-containing regimens and 2% in the control arm discontinued from the study because of liver or biliary system disorders [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Increases from baseline in total cholesterol of 10-20% have been observed in some uninfected volunteers receiving SUSTIVA. In patients treated with SUSTIVA + zidovudine + lamivudine, increases from baseline in nonfasting total cholesterol and HDL of approximately 20% and 25%, respectively, were observed. In patients treated with SUSTIVA + indinavir, increases from baseline in nonfasting cholesterol and HDL of approximately 40% and 35%, respectively, were observed. Nonfasting total cholesterol levels ≥ 240 mg/dL and ≥ 300 mg/dL were reported in 34% and 9%, respectively, of patients treated with SUSTIVA + zidovudine + lamivudine; 54% and 20%, respectively, of patients treated with SUSTIVA + indinavir; and 28% and 4%, respectively, of patients treated with indinavir + zidovudine + lamivudine. The effects of SUSTIVA on triglycerides and LDL in this study were not well characterized since samples were taken from nonfasting patients. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Clinical adverse experiences observed in ≥ 10% of 57 pediatric patients aged 3 to 16 years who received SUSTIVA capsules, nelfinavir, and one or more NRTIs in Study ACTG 382 [see Use In Specific Populations] were rash (46%), diarrhea/loose stools (39%), fever (21%), cough (16%), dizziness/lightheaded/fainting (16%), ache/pain/discomfort (14%), nausea/vomiting (12%), and headache (11%). The incidence of nervous system symptoms was 18% (10/57). One patient experienced Grade 3 rash, two patients had Grade 4 rash, and five patients (9%) discontinued because of rash [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS, Table 5].
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of SUSTIVA. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Body as a Whole: allergic reactions, asthenia, redistribution/accumulation of body fat [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
Central and Peripheral Nervous System: abnormal coordination, ataxia, cerebellar coordination and balance disturbances, convulsions, hypoesthesia, paresthesia, neuropathy, tremor
Endocrine: gynecomastia
Gastrointestinal: constipation, malabsorption
Cardiovascular: flushing, palpitations
Liver and Biliary System: hepatic enzyme increase, hepatic failure, hepatitis
Metabolic and Nutritional: hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia
Musculoskeletal: arthralgia, myalgia, myopathy
Psychiatric: aggressive reactions, agitation, delusions, emotional lability, mania, neurosis, paranoia, psychosis, suicide
Respiratory: dyspnea
Skin and Appendages: erythema multiforme, photoallergic dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Special Senses: abnormal vision, tinnitus
Efavirenz has been shown in vivo to induce CYP3A. Other compounds that are substrates of CYP3A may have decreased plasma concentrations when coadministered with SUSTIVA. In vitro studies have demonstrated that efavirenz inhibits CYP2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 isozymes in the range of observed efavirenz plasma concentrations. Coadministration of efavirenz with drugs primarily metabolized by these isozymes may result in altered plasma concentrations of the coadministered drug. Therefore, appropriate dose adjustments may be necessary for these drugs.
Drugs that induce CYP3A activity (eg, phenobarbital, rifampin, rifabutin) would be expected to increase the clearance of efavirenz resulting in lowered plasma concentrations. Drug interactions with SUSTIVA are summarized in Tables 2 and 7 [for pharmacokinetics data see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Tables 8 and 9]. The tables include potentially significant interactions, but are not all inclusive.
Table 7: Establisheda and Other Potentially Significantb
Drug Interactions: Alteration in Dose or Regimen May Be Recommended Based on
Drug Interaction Studies or Predicted Interaction
| Concomitant Drug Class: Drug Name | Effect | Clinical Comment |
| Antiretroviral agents | ||
| Protease inhibitor: Fosamprenavir calcium | ↓ amprenavir | Fosamprenavir (unboosted): Appropriate doses of the combinations with
respect to safety and efficacy have not been established. Fosamprenavir/ritonavir: An additional 100 mg/day (300 mg total) of ritonavir is recommended when SUSTIVA is administered with fosamprenavir/ritonavir once daily. No change in the ritonavir dose is required when SUSTIVA is administered with fosamprenavir plus ritonavir twice daily. |
| Protease inhibitor: Atazanavir | ↓ atazanavira | Treatment-naive patients: When coadministered withSUSTIVA,
the recommended dose of atazanavir is 400 mg withritonavir 100 mg (together
once daily with food) and SUSTIVA600 mg (once daily on an empty stomach,
preferably atbedtime). Treatment-experienced patients: Coadministration ofSUSTIVA and atazanavir is not recommended. |
| Protease inhibitor: Indinavir | ↓ indinavira | The optimal dose of indinavir, when given in combination with SUSTIVA, is not known. Increasing the indinavir dose to 1000 mg every 8 hours does not compensate for the increased indinavir metabolism due to SUSTIVA. When indinavir at an increased dose (1000 mg every 8 hours) was given with SUSTIVA (600 mg once daily), the indinavir AUC and Cmin were decreased on average by 33-46% and 39-57%, respectively, compared to when indinavir (800 mg every 8 hours) was given alone. |
| Protease inhibitor: Lopinavir/ritonavir | ↓ lopinavira | Lopinavir/ritonavir tablets should not be administered once-daily in combination with SUSTIVA. In antiretroviral-naive patients, lopinavir/ritonavir tablets can be used twice daily in combination with SUSTIVA with no dose adjustment. A dose increase of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets to 600/150 mg (3 tablets) twice daily may be considered when used in combination with SUSTIVA in treatment-experienced patients where decreased susceptibility to lopinavir is clinically suspected (by treatment history or laboratory evidence). A dose increase of lopinavir/ritonavir oral solution to 533/133 mg (6.5 mL) twice daily taken with food is recommended when used in combination with SUSTIVA. |
| Protease inhibitor: Ritonavir | ↑ ritonavira ↑ efavirenza |
When ritonavir 500 mg q12h was coadministered with SUSTIVA 600 mg once daily, the combination was associated with a higher frequency of adverse clinical experiences (eg, dizziness, nausea, paresthesia) and laboratory abnormalities (elevated liver enzymes). Monitoring of liver enzymes is recommended when SUSTIVA is used in combination with ritonavir. |
| Protease inhibitor: Saquinavir | ↓ saquinavira | Should not be used as sole protease inhibitor in combination with SUSTIVA. |
| Other agents | ||
| Anticoagulant: Warfarin | ↑ or ↓ warfarin | Plasma concentrations and effects potentially increased or decreased by SUSTIVA. |
| Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine | ↓ carbamazepinea ↓ efavirenza |
There are insufficient data to make a dose recommendation for efavirenz. Alternative anticonvulsant treatment should be used. |
| Phenytoin Phenobarbital | ↓ anticonvulsant ↓ efavirenz |
Potential for reduction in anticonvulsant and/or efavirenz plasma levels; periodic monitoring of anticonvulsant plasma levels should be conducted. |
| Antidepressant: Sertraline | ↓ sertralinea | Increases in sertraline dosage should be guided by clinical response. |
| Antifungals: Voriconazole | ↓ voriconazolea ↑ efavirenza |
SUSTIVA and voriconazole must not be coadministered at standard doses. Efavirenz significantly decreases voriconazole plasma concentrations, and coadministration may decrease the therapeutic effectiveness of voriconazole. Also, voriconazole significantly increases efavirenz plasma concentrations, which may increase the risk of SUSTIVA-associated side effects. When voriconazole is coadministered with SUSTIVA, voriconazole maintenance dose should be increased to 400 mg every 12 hours and SUSTIVA dose should be decreased to 300 mg once daily using the capsule formulation. SUSTIVA tablets should not be broken. [See DOSAGE ADN ADMINISTRATION and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Tables 8 and 9.] |
| Itraconazole | ↓ itraconazolea ↓ hydroxyitraconazolea |
Since no dose recommendation for itraconazole can be made, alternative antifungal treatment should be considered. |
| Ketoconazole | ↓ ketoconazole | Drug interaction studies with SUSTIVA and ketoconazole have not been conducted. SUSTIVA has the potential to decrease plasma concentrations of ketoconazole. |
| Anti-infective: Clarithromycin | ↓ clarithromycinaa ↑ 14-OH metabolitea |
Plasma concentrations decreased by SUSTIVA; clinical significance unknown. In uninfected volunteers, 46% developed rash while receiving SUSTIVA and clarithromycin. No dose adjustment of SUSTIVA is recommended when given with clarithromycin. Alternatives to clarithromycin, such as azithromycin, should be considered (see Other Drugs, following table). Other macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, have not been studied in combination with SUSTIVA. |
| Antimycobacterial: Rifabutin | ↓ rifabutina | Increase daily dose of rifabutin by 50%. Consider doubling the rifabutin dose in regimens where rifabutin is given 2 or 3 times a week. |
| Rifampin | ↓ efavirenza | Clinical significance of reduced efavirenz concentrations is unknown. Dosing recommendations for concomitant use of SUSTIVA and rifampin have not been established. |
| Calcium channel blockers: Diltiazem | ↓ diltiazema ↓ desacetyl diltiazema ↓ N-monodesmethyl diltiazema |
Diltiazem dose adjustments should be guided by clinical response (refer to the complete prescribing information for diltiazem). No dose adjustment of efavirenz is necessary when administered with diltiazem. |
| Others (eg, felodipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, verapamil) | ↓ calcium channel blocker | No data are available on the potential interactions of efavirenz with other calcium channel blockers that are substrates of CYP3A. The potential exists for reduction in plasma concentrations of the calcium channel blocker. Dose adjustments should be guided by clinical response (refer to the complete prescribing information for the calcium channel blocker). |
| HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: Atorvastatin Pravastatin Simvastatin | ↓ atorvastatina ↓ pravastatina ↓ simvastatin |
Plasma concentrations of atorvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin decreased. Consult the complete prescribing information for the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor for guidance on individualizing the dose. |
| Hormonal contraceptives: Oral Ethinyl estradiol/ Norgestimate | ↓ active metabolites of norgestimatea | A reliable method of barrier contraception must be used in addition to hormonal contraceptives. Efavirenz had no effect on ethinyl estradiol concentrations, but progestin levels (norelgestromin and levonorgestrel) were markedly decreased. No effect of ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate on efavirenz plasma concentrations was observed. |
| Implant Etonogestrel | ↓ etonogestrel | A reliable method of barrier contraception must be used in addition to hormonal contraceptives. The interaction between etonogestrel and efavirenz has not been studied. Decreased exposure of etonogestrel may be expected. There have been postmarketing reports of contraceptive failure with etonogestrel in efavirenz-exposed patients. |
| Immunosuppressants: Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and others metabolized by CYP3A | ↓ immunosuppressant | Decreased exposure of the immunosuppressant may be expected due to CYP3A induction. These immunosuppressants are not anticipated to affect exposure of efavirenz. Dose adjustments of the immunosuppressant may be required. Close monitoring of immunosuppressant concentrations for at least 2 weeks (until stable concentrations are reached) is recommended when starting or stopping treatment with efavirenz. |
| Narcotic analgesic: Methadone | ↓ methadonea | Coadministration in HIV-infected individuals with a history of injection drug use resulted in decreased plasma levels of methadone and signs of opiate withdrawal. Methadone dose was increased by a mean of 22% to alleviate withdrawal symptoms. Patients should be monitored for signs of withdrawal and their methadone dose increased as required to alleviate withdrawal symptoms. |
| a See CLINICAL
PHARMACOLOGY, Tables 8 and 9) for magnitude of established interactions.
b This table is not all-inclusive. |
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Based on the results of drug interaction studies [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Tables 8 and 9], no dosage adjustment is recommended when SUSTIVA (efavirenz) is given with the following: aluminum/magnesium hydroxide antacids, azithromycin, cetirizine, famotidine, fluconazole, lamivudine, lorazepam, nelfinavir, paroxetine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and zidovudine.
Specific drug interaction studies have not been performed with SUSTIVA and NRTIs other than lamivudine and zidovudine. Clinically significant interactions would not be expected since the NRTIs are metabolized via a different route than efavirenz and would be unlikely to compete for the same metabolic enzymes and elimination pathways.
Efavirenz does not bind to cannabinoid receptors. False-positive urine cannabinoid test results have been observed in non-HIV-infected volunteers receiving SUSTIVA when the Microgenics CEDIA DAU Multi-Level THC assay was used for screening. Negative results were obtained when more specific confirmatory testing was performed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Of the three assays analyzed (Microgenics CEDIA DAU Multi-Level THC assay, Cannabinoid Enzyme Immunoassay [Diagnostic Reagents, Inc], and AxSYM Cannabinoid Assay), only the Microgenics CEDIA DAU Multi-Level THC assay showed false-positive results. The other two assays provided true-negative results. The effects of SUSTIVA on cannabinoid screening tests other than these three are unknown. The manufacturers of cannabinoid assays should be contacted for additional information regarding the use of their assays with patients receiving efavirenz.
Last updated on RxList: 10/14/2009
Efavirenz plasma concentrations may be altered by substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of CYP3A. Likewise, efavirenz may alter plasma concentrations of drugs metabolized by CYP3A [see CONTRAINDICATIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS].
SUSTIVA must not be used as a single agent to treat HIV-1 infection or added on as a sole agent to a failing regimen. Resistant virus emerges rapidly when efavirenz is administered as monotherapy. The choice of new antiretroviral agents to be used in combination with efavirenz should take into consideration the potential for viral cross-resistance.
Coadministration of SUSTIVA with ATRIPLA (efavirenz 600 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg) is not recommended, since efavirenz is one of its active ingredients.
Serious psychiatric adverse experiences have been reported in patients treated with SUSTIVA. In controlled trials of 1008 patients treated with regimens containing SUSTIVA for a mean of 2.1 years and 635 patients treated with control regimens for a mean of 1.5 years, the frequency (regardless of causality) of specific serious psychiatric events among patients who received SUSTIVA or control regimens, respectively, were severe depression (2.4%, 0.9%), suicidal ideation (0.7%, 0.3%), nonfatal suicide attempts (0.5%, 0), aggressive behavior (0.4%, 0.5%), paranoid reactions (0.4%, 0.3%), and manic reactions (0.2%, 0.3%). When psychiatric symptoms similar to those noted above were combined and evaluated as a group in a multifactorial analysis of data from Study 006, treatment with efavirenz was associated with an increase in the occurrence of these selected psychiatric symptoms. Other factors associated with an increase in the occurrence of these psychiatric symptoms were history of injection drug use, psychiatric history, and receipt of psychiatric medication at study entry; similar associations were observed in both the SUSTIVA and control treatment groups. In Study 006, onset of new serious psychiatric symptoms occurred throughout the study for both SUSTIVA-treated and control-treated patients. One percent of SUSTIVA-treated patients discontinued or interrupted treatment because of one or more of these selected psychiatric symptoms. There have also been occasional postmarketing reports of death by suicide, delusions, and psychosis-like behavior, although a causal relationship to the use of SUSTIVA cannot be determined from these reports. Patients with serious psychiatric adverse experiences should seek immediate medical evaluation to assess the possibility that the symptoms may be related to the use of SUSTIVA, and if so, to determine whether the risks of continued therapy outweigh the benefits. See ADVERSE REACTIONS.
Fifty-three percent (531/1008) of patients receiving SUSTIVA in controlled trials reported central nervous system symptoms (any grade, regardless of causality) compared to 25% (156/635) of patients receiving control regimens [see ADVERSE REACTIONS, Table 4]. These symptoms included, but were not limited to, dizziness (28.1% of the 1008 patients), insomnia (16.3%), impaired concentration (8.3%), somnolence (7.0%), abnormal dreams (6.2%), and hallucinations (1.2%). These symptoms were severe in 2.0% of patients, and 2.1% of patients discontinued therapy as a result. These symptoms usually begin during the first or second day of therapy and generally resolve after the first 2-4 weeks of therapy. After 4 weeks of therapy, the prevalence of nervous system symptoms of at least moderate severity ranged from 5% to 9% in patients treated with regimens containing SUSTIVA and from 3% to 5% in patients treated with a control regimen. Patients should be informed that these common symptoms were likely to improve with continued therapy and were not predictive of subsequent onset of the less frequent psychiatric symptoms [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of these nervous system symptoms [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Analysis of long-term data from Study 006 (median follow-up 180 weeks, 102 weeks, and 76 weeks for patients treated with SUSTIVA + zidovudine + lamivudine, SUSTIVA + indinavir, and indinavir + zidovudine + lamivudine, respectively) showed that, beyond 24 weeks of therapy, the incidences of new-onset nervous system symptoms among SUSTIVA-treated patients were generally similar to those in the indinavir-containing control arm.
Patients receiving SUSTIVA should be alerted to the potential for additive central nervous system effects when SUSTIVA is used concomitantly with alcohol or psychoactive drugs.
Patients who experience central nervous system symptoms such as dizziness, impaired concentration, and/or drowsiness should avoid potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery.
Pregnancy Category D. Efavirenz may cause fetal harm when administered during the first trimester to a pregnant woman. Pregnancy should be avoided in women receiving SUSTIVA. Barrier contraception must always be used in combination with other methods of contraception (eg., oral or other hormonal contraceptives). Because of the long half-life of efavirenz, use of adequate contraceptive measures for 12 weeks after discontinuation of SUSTIVA is recommended. Women of childbearing potential should undergo pregnancy testing before initiation of SUSTIVA. If this drug is used during the first trimester of pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. SUSTIVA should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus, such as in pregnant women without other therapeutic options.
Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry: To monitor fetal outcomes of pregnant women exposed to SUSTIVA, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been established. Physicians are encouraged to register patients by calling 1-800-258-4263.
As of July 2008, the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has received prospective reports of 526 pregnancies exposed to efavirenz-containing regimens, nearly all of which were first-trimester exposures (507 pregnancies). Birth defects occurred in 13 of 407 live births (first trimester exposure) and 2 of 37 live births (second/third-trimester exposure). One of these prospectively reported defects with first-trimester exposure was a neural tube defect. A single case of anophthalmia with first-trimester exposure to efavirenz has also been prospectively reported; however, this case included severe oblique facial clefts and amniotic banding, a known association with anophthalmia. There have been five retrospective reports of findings consistent with neural tube defects, including meningomyelocele. All mothers were exposed to efavirenz containing regimens in the first trimester. Although a causal relationship of these events to the use of SUSTIVA has not been established, similar defects have been observed in preclinical studies of efavirenz.
Malformations have been observed in 3 of 20 fetuses/infants from efavirenz-treated cynomolgus monkeys (versus 0 of 20 concomitant controls) in a developmental toxicity study. The pregnant monkeys were dosed throughout pregnancy (postcoital days 20-150) with efavirenz 60 mg/kg daily, a dose which resulted in plasma drug concentrations similar to those in humans given 600 mg/day of SUSTIVA. Anencephaly and unilateral anophthalmia were observed in one fetus, microophthalmia was observed in another fetus, and cleft palate was observed in a third fetus. Efavirenz crosses the placenta in cynomolgus monkeys and produces fetal blood concentrations similar to maternal blood concentrations. Efavirenz has been shown to cross the placenta in rats and rabbits and produces fetal blood concentrations of efavirenz similar to maternal concentrations. An increase in fetal resorptions was observed in rats at efavirenz doses that produced peak plasma concentrations and AUC values in female rats equivalent to or lower than those achieved in humans given 600 mg once daily of SUSTIVA. Efavirenz produced no reproductive toxicities when given to pregnant rabbits at doses that produced peak plasma concentrations similar to and AUC values approximately half of those achieved in humans given 600 mg once daily of SUSTIVA.
In controlled clinical trials, 26% (266/1008) of patients treated with 600 mg SUSTIVA experienced new-onset skin rash compared with 17% (111/635) of patients treated in control groups [see ADVERSE REACTIONS, Table 5]. Rash associated with blistering, moist desquamation, or ulceration occurred in 0.9% (9/1008) of patients treated with SUSTIVA. The incidence of Grade 4 rash (eg, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome) in patients treated with SUSTIVA in all studies and expanded access was 0.1%. Rashes are usually mild-to-moderate maculopapular skin eruptions that occur within the first 2 weeks of initiating therapy with efavirenz (median time to onset of rash in adults was 11 days) and, in most patients continuing therapy with efavirenz, rash resolves within 1 month (median duration, 16 days). The discontinuation rate for rash in clinical trials was 1.7% (17/1008). SUSTIVA can be reinitiated in patients interrupting therapy because of rash. SUSTIVA should be discontinued in patients developing severe rash associated with blistering, desquamation, mucosal involvement, or fever. Appropriate antihistamines and/or corticosteroids may improve the tolerability and hasten the resolution of rash.
Rash was reported in 26 of 57 pediatric patients (46%) treated with SUSTIVA capsules [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. One pediatric patient experienced Grade 3 rash (confluent rash with fever), and two patients had Grade 4 rash (erythema multiforme). The median time to onset of rash in pediatric patients was 8 days. Prophylaxis with appropriate antihistamines before initiating therapy with SUSTIVA in pediatric patients should be considered.
In patients with known or suspected history of hepatitis B or C infection and in patients treated with other medications associated with liver toxicity, monitoring of liver enzymes is recommended. In patients with persistent elevations of serum transaminases to greater than five times the upper limit of the normal range, the benefit of continued therapy with SUSTIVA needs to be weighed against the unknown risks of significant liver toxicity [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and Use in Specific Populations].
Convulsions have been observed in patients receiving efavirenz, generally in the presence of known medical history of seizures [see Nonclinical Toxicology]. Caution must be taken in any patient with a history of seizures. Patients who are receiving concomitant anticonvulsant medications primarily metabolized by the liver, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital, may require periodic monitoring of plasma levels [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Treatment with SUSTIVA has resulted in increases in the concentration of total cholesterol and triglycerides [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Cholesterol and triglyceride testing should be performed before initiating SUSTIVA therapy and at periodic intervals during therapy.
Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including SUSTIVA. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections [such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP), or tuberculosis], which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.
Redistribution/accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and "cushingoid appearance" have been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.
See FDA-Approved Patient Labeling.
A statement to patients and healthcare providers is included on the product's bottle labels: ALERT: Find out about medicines that should NOT be taken with SUSTIVA.
SUSTIVA may interact with some drugs; therefore, patients should be advised to report to their doctor the use of any other prescription, nonprescription medication, or herbal products, particularly St. John's Wort.
Patients should be informed that SUSTIVA is not a cure for HIV-1 infection and that they may continue to experience illnesses associated with HIV-1 infection, including opportunistic infections. Patients should remain under the care of a physician while taking SUSTIVA. Patients should be told that the use of SUSTIVA has not been shown to reduce the risk of transmitting HIV-1 to others through sexual contact or blood contamination.
Patients should be advised to take SUSTIVA every day as prescribed. SUSTIVA must always be used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs. Patients should be advised to take SUSTIVA on an empty stomach, preferably at bedtime. Taking SUSTIVA with food increases efavirenz concentrations and may increase the frequency of adverse reactions. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of nervous system symptoms [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Patients should be informed that central nervous system symptoms (NSS) including dizziness, insomnia, impaired concentration, drowsiness, and abnormal dreams are commonly reported during the first weeks of therapy with SUSTIVA [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of these symptoms, which are likely to improve with continued therapy. Patients should be alerted to the potential for additive effects when SUSTIVA is used concomitantly with alcohol or psychoactive drugs. Patients should be instructed that if they experience NSS they should avoid potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery.
Patients should be informed that serious psychiatric symptoms including severe depression, suicide attempts, aggressive behavior, delusions, paranoia, and psychosis-like symptoms have been reported in patients receiving SUSTIVA [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. If they experience severe psychiatric adverse experiences they should seek immediate medical evaluation. Patients should be advised to inform their physician of any history of mental illness or substance abuse.
Patients should be informed that a common side effect is rash [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Rashes usually go away without any change in treatment. However, since rash may be serious, patients should be advised to contact their physician promptly if rash occurs.
Women receiving SUSTIVA should be instructed to avoid pregnancy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. A reliable form of barrier contraception must always be used in combination with other methods of contraception, including oral or other hormonal contraception. Because of the long half-life of efavirenz, use of adequate contraceptive measures for 12 weeks after discontinuation of SUSTIVA is recommended. Women should be advised to notify their physician if they become pregnant or plan to become pregnant while taking SUSTIVA. If this drug is used during the first trimester of pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, she should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.
Patients should be informed that redistribution or accumulation of body fat may occur in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and that the cause and long-term health effects of these conditionsare not known [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Long-term carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were carried out with efavirenz. Mice were dosed with 0, 25, 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day for 2 years. Incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas and pulmonary alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas were increased above background in females. No increases in tumor incidence above background were seen in males. In studies in which rats were administered efavirenz at doses of 0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day for 2 years, no increases in tumor incidence above background were observed. The systemic exposure (based on AUCs) in mice was approximately 1.7-fold that in humans receiving the 600-mg/day dose. The exposure in rats was lower than that in humans. The mechanism of the carcinogenic potential is unknown. However, in genetic toxicology assays, efavirenz showed no evidence of mutagenic or clastogenic activity in a battery of in vitro and in vivo studies. These included bacterial mutation assays in S. typhimurium and E. coli, mammalian mutation assays in Chinese hamster ovary cells, chromosome aberration assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes or Chinese hamster ovary cells, and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Given the lack of genotoxic activity of efavirenz, the relevance to humans of neoplasms in efavirenz-treated mice is not known.
Efavirenz did not impair mating or fertility of male or female rats, and did not affect sperm of treated male rats. The reproductive performance of offspring born to female rats given efavirenz was not affected. As a result of the rapid clearance of efavirenz in rats, systemic drug exposures achieved in these studies were equivalent to or below those achieved in humans given therapeutic doses of efavirenz.
Pregnancy Category D: See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-infected mothers not breast-feed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV. Although it is not known if efavirenz is secreted in human milk, efavirenz is secreted into the milk of lactating rats. Because of the potential for HIV transmission and the potential for serious adverse effects in nursing infants, mothers should be instructed not to breast-feed if they are receiving SUSTIVA.
ACTG 382 is an ongoing, open-label study in 57 NRTI-experienced pediatric patients to characterize the safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral activity of SUSTIVA in combination with nelfinavir (20-30 mg/kg three times daily) and NRTIs. Mean age was 8 years (range 3-16). SUSTIVA has not been studied in pediatric patients below 3 years of age or who weigh less than 13 kg. At 48 weeks, the type and frequency of adverse experiences was generally similar to that of adult patients with the exception of a higher incidence of rash, which was reported in 46% (26/57) of pediatric patients compared to 26% of adults, and a higher frequency of Grade 3 or 4 rash reported in 5% (3/57) of pediatric patients compared to 0.9% of adults [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS, Table 5].
The starting dose of SUSTIVA was 600 mg once daily adjusted to body size, based on weight, targeting AUC levels in the range of 190-380 µM•h [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. The pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in pediatric patients were similar to the pharmacokinetics in adults who received 600-mg daily doses of SUSTIVA. In 48 pediatric patients receiving the equivalent of a 600-mg dose of SUSTIVA, steady-state Cmax was 14.2 ± 5.8 uM (mean ± SD), steady-state Cmin was 5.6 ± 4.1 µM, and AUC was 218 ± 104 µM•h.
Clinical studies of SUSTIVA did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other therapy.
The pharmacokinetics of efavirenz have not been adequately studied in patients with hepatic impairment. Because of the extensive cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of efavirenz and limited clinical experience in patients with hepatic impairment, caution should be exercised in administering SUSTIVA to these patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Last updated on RxList: 10/14/2009
Some patients accidentally taking 600 mg twice daily have reported increased nervous system symptoms. One patient experienced involuntary muscle contractions.
Treatment of overdose with SUSTIVA should consist of general supportive measures, including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the patient's clinical status. Administration of activated charcoal may be used to aid removal of unabsorbed drug. There is no specific antidote for overdose with SUSTIVA. Since efavirenz is highly protein bound, dialysis is unlikely to significantly remove the drug from blood.
SUSTIVA is contraindicated in patients with previously demonstrated clinically significant hypersensitivity (eg, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, or toxic skin eruptions) to any of the components of this product.
For some drugs, competition for CYP3A by efavirenz could result in inhibition of their metabolism and create the potential for serious and/or life-threatening adverse reactions (eg, cardiac arrhythmias, prolonged sedation, or respiratory depression). Drugs that are contraindicated with SUSTIVA are listed in Table 2.
Table 2: Drugs That Are Contraindicated or Not Recommended
for Use With SUSTIVA
| Drug Class: Drug Name | Clinical Comment |
| Antimigraine: ergot derivatives (dihydroergotamine, ergonovine, ergotamine, methylergonovine) | Potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions such as acute ergot toxicity characterized by peripheral vasospasm and ischemia of the extremities and other tissues. |
| Benzodiazepines: midazolam, triazolam | Potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions such as prolonged or increased sedation or respiratory depression. |
| Calcium channel blocker: bepridil | Potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions such as cardiac arrhythmias. |
| GI motility agent: cisapride | Potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions such as cardiac arrhythmias. |
| Neuroleptic: pimozide | Potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions such as cardiac arrhythmias. |
| St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) | May lead to loss of virologic response and possible resistance to efavirenz or to the class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI). |
Last updated on RxList: 10/14/2009
Efavirenz is an antiviral drug.
Peak efavirenz plasma concentrations of 1.6-9.1 µM were attained by 5 hours following single oral doses of 100 mg to 1600 mg administered to uninfected volunteers. Dose-related increases in Cmax and AUC were seen for doses up to 1600 mg; the increases were less than proportional suggesting diminished absorption at higher doses.
In HIV-1-infected patients at steady state, mean Cmax, mean Cmin, and mean AUC were dose proportional following 200-mg, 400-mg, and 600-mg daily doses. Time-to-peak plasma concentrations were approximately 3-5 hours and steady-state plasma concentrations were reached in 6-10 days. In 35 patients receiving SUSTIVA 600 mg once daily, steady-state Cmax was 12.9 ± 3.7 µM (mean ± SD), steady-state Cmin was 5.6 ± 3.2 µM, and AUC was 184 ± 73 µM•h.
Capsules: Administration of a single 600-mg dose of efavirenz capsules with a high-fat/high-caloric meal (894 kcal, 54 g fat, 54% calories from fat) or a reduced-fat/normal-caloric meal (440 kcal, 2 g fat, 4% calories from fat) was associated with a mean increase of 22% and 17% in efavirenz AUC∞ and a mean increase of 39% and 51% in efavirenz Cmax, respectively, relative to the exposures achieved when given under fasted conditions. See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and Patient Counseling Information.
Tablets: Administration of a single 600-mg efavirenz tablet with a high-fat/high-caloric meal (approximately 1000 kcal, 500-600 kcal from fat) was associated with a 28% increase in mean AUC∞ of efavirenz and a 79% increase in mean Cmax of efavirenz relative to the exposures achieved under fasted conditions. See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and Patient Counseling Information.
Efavirenz is highly bound (approximately 99.5-99.75%) to human plasma proteins, predominantly albumin. In HIV-1 infected patients (n=9) who received SUSTIVA 200 to 600 mg once daily for at least one month, cerebrospinal fluid concentrations ranged from 0.26 to 1.19% (mean 0.69%) of the corresponding plasma concentration. This proportion is approximately 3-fold higher than the non-protein-bound (free) fraction of efavirenz in plasma.
Studies in humans and in vitro studies using human liver microsomes have demonstrated that efavirenz is principally metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system to hydroxylated metabolites with subsequent glucuronidation of these hydroxylated metabolites. These metabolites are essentially inactive against HIV-1. The in vitro studies suggest that CYP3A and CYP2B6 are the major isozymes responsible for efavirenz metabolism.
Efavirenz has been shown to induce CYP enzymes, resulting in the induction of its own metabolism. Multiple doses of 200-400 mg per day for 10 days resulted in a lower than predicted extent of accumulation (22-42% lower) and a shorter terminal half-life of 40-55 hours (single dose half-life 52-76 hours).
Efavirenz has a terminal half-life of 52-76 hours after single doses and 40-55 hours after multiple doses. A one-month mass balance/excretion study was conducted using 400 mg per day with a 14C-labeled dose administered on Day 8. Approximately 14-34% of the radiolabel was recovered in the urine and 16-61% was recovered in the feces. Nearly all of the urinary excretion of the radiolabeled drug was in the form of metabolites. Efavirenz accounted for the majority of the total radioactivity measured in feces.
Gender and race: The pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in patients appear to be similar between men and women and among the racial groups studied.
Renal impairment: The pharmacokinetics of efavirenz have not been studied in patients with renal insufficiency; however, less than 1% of efavirenz is excreted unchanged in the urine, so the impact of renal impairment on efavirenz elimination should be minimal.
Efavirenz has been shown in vivo to cause hepatic enzyme induction, thus increasing the biotransformation of some drugs metabolized by CYP3A. In vitro studies have shown that efavirenz inhibited CYP isozymes 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 with Ki values (8.5-17 µM) in the range of observed efavirenz plasma concentrations. In in vitro studies, efavirenz did not inhibit CYP2E1 and inhibited CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 (Ki values 82-160 µM) only at concentrations well above those achieved clinically. The inhibitory effect on CYP3A is expected to be similar between 200-mg, 400-mg, and 600-mg doses of efavirenz. Coadministration of efavirenz with drugs primarily metabolized by 2C9, 2C19, and 3A isozymes may result in altered plasma concentrations of the coadministered drug. Drugs which induce CYP3A activity would be expected to increase the clearance of efavirenz resulting in lowered plasma concentrations.
Drug interaction studies were performed with efavirenz and other drugs likely to be coadministered or drugs commonly used as probes for pharmacokinetic interaction. The effects of coadministration of efavirenz on the Cmax, AUC, and Cmin are summarized in Table 8 (effect of efavirenz on other drugs) and Table 9 (effect of other drugs on efavirenz). For information regarding clinical recommendations see CONTRAINDICATIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS.
Table 8: Effect of Efavirenz on Coadministered Drug Plasma
Cmax, AUC, and Cmin
| Coadministered Drug | Dose | Efavirenz Dose | Number of Subjects | Coadministered Drug (mean % change) | ||
| Cmax (90% CI) |
AUC (90% CI) |
Cmin (90% CI) |
||||
| Atazanavir | 400 mg qd with a light meal d 1-20 | 600 mg qd with a light meal d 7-20 | 27 | ↓ 59% (49-67%) |
↓ 74% (68-78%) |
↓ 93% (90-95%) |
| 400 mg qd d 1-6, then 300 mg qd d 7-20 with ritonavir 100 mg qd and a light meal | 600 mg qd 2 h after atazanavir and ritonavir d 7-20 | 13 | ↑ 14%a (↓ 17-↑ 58%) |
↑ 39%a (2-88%) |
↑ 48%a (24-76%) |
|
| 300 mg qd/ritonavir 100 mg qd d 1-10 (pm), then 400 mg qd/ritonavir 100 mg qd d 11-24 (pm) (simultaneous with efavirenz) | 600 mg qd with a light snack d 11-24 (pm) | 14 | ↑ 17% (8-27%) |
↔ | ↓ 42% (31-51%) |
|
| Indinavir | 1000 mg q8h x 10 days | 600 mg x 10 days | 20 | |||
| After morning dose | ↔b | ↓ 33%a (26-39%) |
↓ 39%b (24-51%) |
|||
| After afternoon dose | ↔b | ↓ 37%b (26-46%) |
↓ 52%b (47-57%) |
|||
| After evening dose | ↓ 29%b (11-43%) |
↓ 46%b (37-54%) |
↓ 57%b (50-63%) |
|||
| Lopinavir/ ritonavir | 400/100 mg capsule q12h x 9 days | 600 mg x 9 days | 11,7c | ↔d | ↓ 19%d (↓ 36-↑ 3%) |
↓ 39%d (3-62%) |
| 600/150 mg tablet q12h x 10 days with efavirenz compared to 400/100 mg q12h alone | 600 mg x 9 days | 23 | ↑ 36%d (28-44%) |
↑ 36%d (28-44%) |
↑ 32%d (21-44%) |
|
| Nelfinavir | 750 mg q8h x 7 days | 600 mg x 7 days | 10 | ↑ 21% (10-33%) |
↑ 20% (8-34%) |
↔ |
| Metabolite AG-1402 | ↓ 40% (30-48%) |
↓ 37% (25-48%) |
↓ 43% (21-59%) |
|||
| Ritonavir | 500 mg q12h x 8 days | 600 mg x 10 days | 11 | |||
| After AM dose | ↑ 24% (12-38%) |
↑ 18% (6-33%) |
↑ 42% (9-86%)e |
|||
| After PM dose | ↔ | ↔ | ↑ 24% (3-50%)e |
|||
| Saquinavir SGCf | 1200 mg q8h x 10 days | 600 mg x 10 days | 12 | ↓ 50% (28-66%) |
↓ 62% (45-74%) |
↓ 56% (16-77%)e |
| Lamivudine | 150 mg q12h x 14 days | 600 mg x 14 days | 9 | ↔ | ↔ | ↑ 265% (37-873%) |
| Tenofovirg | 300 mg qd | 600 mg x 14 days | 29 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Zidovudine | 300 mg q12h x 14 days | 600 mg x 14 days | 9 | ↔ | ↔ | ↑ 225% (43-640%) |
| Azithromycin | 600 mg single dose | 400 mg x 7 days | 14 | ↑ 22% (4-42%) |
↔ | NA |
| Clarithromycin | 500 mg q12h x 7 days | 400 mg x 7 days | 11 | ↓ 26% (15-35%) |
↓ 39% (30-46%) |
↓ 53% (42-63%) |
| 14-OH metabolite | ↑ 49% (32-69%) |
↑ 34% (18-53%) |
↑ 26% (9-45%) |
|||
| Fluconazole | 200 mg x 7 days | 400 mg x 7 days | 10 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Itraconazole | 200 mg q12h x 28 days | 600 mg x 14 days | 18 | ↓ 37% (20-51%) |
↓ 39% (21-53%) |
↓ 44% (27-58%) |
| Hydroxy-itraconazole | ↓ 35% (12-52%) |
↓ 37% (14-55%) |
↓ 43% (18-60%) |
|||
| Rifabutin | 300 mg qd x 14 days | 600 mg x 14 days | 9 | ↓ 32% (15-46%) |
↓ 38% (28-47%) |
↓ 45% (31-56%) |
| Voriconazole | 400 mg po q12h x 1 day, then 200 mg po q12h x 8 days | 400 mg x 9 days | NA | ↓ 61%h | ↓ 77%h | NA |
| 300 mg po q12h days 2-7 | 300 mg x 7 days | NA | ↓ 36% (21-49%)i |
↓ 55% (45-62%)i |
NA | |
| 400 mg po q12h days 2-7 | 300 mg x 7 days | NA | ↑ 23% (↓ 1-↑ 53%)i |
↓ 7% (↓ 23-↑ 13%)i |
NA | |
| Atorvastatin | 10 mg qd x 4 days | 600 mg x 15 days | 14 | ↓ 14% (1-26%) |
↓ 43% (34-50%) |
↓ 69% (49-81%) |
| Total active (including metabolites) | ↓ 15% (2-26%) |
↓ 32% (21-41%) |
↓ 48% (23-64%) |
|||
| Pravastatin | 40 mg qd x 4 days | 600 mg x 15 days | 13 | ↓ 32% (↓ 59-↑ 12%) |
↓ 44% (26-57%) |
↓ 19% (0-35%) |
| Simvastatin | 40 mg qd x 4 days | 600 mg x 15 days | 14 | ↓ 72% (63-79%) |
↓ 68% (62-73%) |
↓ 45% (20-62%) |
| Total active (including metabolites) | ↓ 68% (55-78%) |
↓ 60% (52-68%) |
NAj | |||
| Carbamazepine | 200 mg qd x 3 days, 200 mg bid x 3 days, then 400 mg qd x 29 days | 600 mg x 14 days | 12 | ↓ 20% (15-24%) |
↓ 27% (20-33%) |
↓ 35% (24-44%) |
| Epoxide metabolite | ↔ | ↔ | ↓ 13% (↓ 30-↑ 7%) |
|||
| Cetirizine | 10 mg single dose | 600 mg x 10 days | 11 | ↓ 24% (18-30%) |
↔ | NA |
| Diltiazem | 240 mg x 21 days | 600 mg x 14 days | 13 | ↓ 60% (50-68%) |
↓ 69% (55-79%) |
↓ 63% (44-75%) |
| Desacetyl diltiazem | ↓ 64% (57-69%) |
↓ 75% (59-84%) |
↓ 62% (44-75%) |
|||
| N-monodes-methyl diltiazem | ↓ 28% (7-44%) |
↓ 37% (17-52%) |
↓ 37% (17-52%) |
|||
| Ethinyl estradiol/ Norgestimate | 0.035 mg/ 0.25 mg x 14 days | 600 mg x 14 days | ||||
| Ethinyl estradiol | 21 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ||
| Norelgestromin | 21 | ↓ 46% (39-52%) |
↓ 64% (62-67%) |
↓ 82% (79-85%) |
||
| Levonorgestrel | 6 | ↓ 80% (77-83%) |
↓ 83% (79-87%) |
↓ 86% (80-90%) |
||
| Lorazepam | 2 mg single dose | 600 mg x 10 days | 12 | ↑ 16% (2-32%) |
↔ | NA |
| Methadone | Stable maintenance 35-100 mg daily | 600 mg x 14-21 days | 11 | ↓ 45% (25-59%) |
↓ 52% (33-66%) |
NA |
| Paroxetine | 20 mg qd x 14 days | 600 mg x 14 days | 16 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Sertraline | 50 mg qd x 14 days | 600 mg x 14 days | 13 | ↓ 29% (15-40%) |
↓ 39% (27-50%) |
↓ 46% (31-58%) |
| ↑ Indicates increase ↓ Indicates
decrease ↔ Indicates no change or a mean increase or decrease of
< 10%. a Compared with atazanavir 400 mg qd alone. b Comparator dose of indinavir was 800 mg q8h x 10 days. c Parallel-group design; n for efavirenz + lopinavir/ritonavir, n for lopinavir/ritonavir alone. d Values are for lopinavir; the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir in this study were unaffected by concurrent efavirenz. e 95% CI. f Soft Gelatin Capsule. g Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. h 90% CI not available. i Relative to steady-state administration of voriconazole (400 mg for 1 day, then 200 mg po q12h for 2 days). j Not available because of insufficient data. NA = not available. |
||||||
Table 9: Effect of Coadministered Drug on Efavirenz Plasma
Cmax, AUC, and Cmin
| Coadministered Drug | Dose | Efavirenz Dose | Number of Subjects | Efavirenz (mean % change) | ||
| Cmax (90% CI) |
AUC (90% CI) |
Cmin (90% CI) |
||||
| Indinavir | 800 mg q8h x 14 days | 200 mg x 14 days | 11 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Lopinavir/ ritonavir | 400/100 mg q12h x 9 days | 600 mg x 9 days | 11,12a | ↔ | ↓ 16% (↓ 38-↑ 15%) |
↓ 16% (↓ 42-↑ 20%) |
| Nelfinavir | 750 mg q8h x 7 days | 600 mg x 7 days | 10 | ↓ 12% (↓ 32-↑ 13%)b |
↓12% (↓ 35-↑ 18%)b |
↓ 21% (↓ 53-↑ 33%) |
| Ritonavir | 500 mg q12h x 8 days | 600 mg x 10 days | 9 | ↑ 14% (4-26%) |
↑ 21% (10-34%) |
↑ 25% (7-46%)b |
| Saquinavir SGc | 1200 mg q8h x 10 days | 600 mg x 10 days | 13 | ↓ 13% (5-20%) |
↓ 12% (4-19%) |
↓ 14% (2-24%)b |
| Tenofovird | 300 mg qd | 600 mg x 14 days | 30 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Azithromycin | 600 mg single dose | 400 mg x 7 days | 14 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Clarithromycin | 500 mg q12h x 7 days | 400 mg x 7 days | 12 | ↑ 11% (3-19%) |
↔ | ↔ |
| Fluconazole | 200 mg x 7 days | 400 mg x 7 days | 10 | ↔ | ↑ 16% (6-26%) |
↑ 22% (5-41%) |
| Itraconazole | 200 mg q12h x 14 days | 600 mg x 28 days | 16 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Rifabutin | 300 mg qd x 14 days | 600 mg x 14 days | 11 | ↔ | ↔ | ↓ 12% (↓ 24-↑ 1%) |
| Rifampin | 600 mg x 7 days | 600 mg x 7 days | 12 | ↓ 20% (11-28%) |
↓ 26% (15-36%) |
↓ 32% (15-46%) |
| Voriconazole | 400 mg po q12h x 1 day, then 200 mg po q12h x 8 days 2-7 | 400 mg x 9 days | NA | ↑38%e | ↑44%e | NA |
| 300 mg po q12h days | 300 mg x 7 days | NA | ↓14%f (7-21%) |
↔ f | NA | |
| 400 mg po q12h days 2-7 | 300 mg x 7 days | NA | ↔ f | ↑ 17%f (6-29%) |
NA | |
| Atorvastatin | 10 mg qd x 4 days | 600 mg x 15 days | 14 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Pravastatin | 40 mg qd x 4 days | 600 mg x 15 days | 11 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Simvastatin | 40 mg qd x 4 days | 600 mg x 15 days | 14 | ↓ 12% (↓ 28-↑ 8%) |
↔ | ↓ 12% (↓ 25-↑ 3%) |
| Aluminum hydroxide 400 mg, magnesium hydroxide 400 mg, plus simethicone 40 mg | 30 mL single dose | 400 mg single dose | 17 | ↔ | ↔ | NA |
| Carbamazepine | 200 mg qd x 3 days, 200 mg bid x 3 days, then 400 mg qd x 15 days | 600 mg x 35 days | 14 | ↓ 21% (15-26%) |
↓ 36% (32-40%) |
↓ 47% (41-53%) |
| Cetirizine | 10 mg single dose | 600 mg x 10 days | 11 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Diltiazem | 240 mg x 14 days | 600 mg x 28 days | 12 | ↑ 16% (6-26%) |
↑ 11% (5-18%) |
↑ 13% (1-26%) |
| Famotidine | 40 mg single dose | 400 mg single dose | 17 | ↔ | ↔ | NA |
| Paroxetine | 20 mg qd x 14 days | 600 mg x 14 days | 12 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| Sertraline | 50 mg qd x 14 days | 600 mg x 14 days | 13 | ↑ 11% (6-16%) |
↔ | ↔ |
| ↑ Indicates increase ↓ Indicates decrease ↔ Indicates
no change or a mean increase or decrease of < 10%. a Parallel-group design; n for efavirenz + lopinavir/ritonavir, n for efavirenz alone. b 95% CI. c Soft Gelatin Capsule. d Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. e 90% CI not available. f Relative to steady-state administration of efavirenz (600 mg once daily for 9 days). NA = not available. |
||||||
Efavirenz (EFV) is an NNRTI of HIV-1. EFV activity is mediated predominantly by noncompetitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). HIV-2 RT and human cellular DNA polymerases α, β, γ, and δ are not inhibited by EFV.
The concentration of EFV inhibiting replication of wild-type laboratory adapted strains and clinical isolates in cell culture by 90-95% (EC90-95) ranged from 1.7 to 25 nM in lymphoblastoid cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and macrophage/monocyte cultures. EFV demonstrated antiviral activity against clade B and most non-clade B isolates (subtypes A, AE, AG, C, D, F, G, J, N), but had reduced antiviral activity against group O viruses. EFV demonstrated additive antiviral activity without cytotoxicity against HIV-1 in cell culture when combined with the NNRTIs delavirdine (DLV) and nevirapine (NVP), NRTIs (abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine [LAM], stavudine, tenofovir, zalcitabine, zidovudine [ZDV]), PIs (amprenavir, indinavir [IDV], lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir), and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide. EFV demonstrated additive to antagonistic antiviral activity in cell culture with atazanavir. EFV was not antagonistic with adefovir, used for the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection, or ribavirin, used in combination with interferon for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection.
In cell culture
In cell culture, HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to EFV ( > 380-fold increase in EC90 value) emerged rapidly in the presence of drug. Genotypic characterization of these viruses identified single amino acid substitutions L100I or V179D, double substitutions L100I/V108I, and triple substitutions L100I/V179D/Y181C in RT.
Clinical studies
Clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility in cell culture to EFV have been obtained. One or more RT substitutions at amino acid positions 98, 100, 101, 103, 106, 108, 188, 190, 225, and 227 were observed in patients failing treatment with EFV in combination with IDV, or with ZDV plus LAM. The mutation K103N was the most frequently observed. Long-term resistance surveillance (average 52 weeks, range 4-106 weeks) analyzed 28 matching baseline and virologic failure isolates. Sixty-one percent (17/28) of these failure isolates had decreased EFV susceptibility in cell culture with a median 88-fold change in EFV susceptibility (EC50 value) from reference. The most frequent NNRTI substitution to develop in these patient isolates was K103N (54%). Other NNRTI substitutions that developed included L100I (7%), K101E/Q/R (14%), V108I (11%), G190S/T/A (7%), P225H (18%), and M230I/L (11%).
Cross-resistance among NNRTIs has been observed. Clinical isolates previously characterized as EFV-resistant were also phenotypically resistant in cell culture to DLV and NVP compared to baseline. DLV- and/or NVP-resistant clinical viral isolates with NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions (A98G, L100I, K101E/P, K103N/S, V106A, Y181X, Y188X, G190X, P225H, F227L, or M230L) showed reduced susceptibility to EFV in cell culture. Greater than 90% of NRTI-resistant clinical isolates tested in cell culture retained susceptibility to EFV.
Nonsustained convulsions were observed in 6 of 20 monkeys receiving efavirenz at doses yielding plasma AUC values 4- to 13-fold greater than those in humans given the recommended dose [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Study 006, a randomized, open-label trial, compared SUSTIVA (600 mg once daily) + zidovudine (ZDV, 300 mg q12h) + lamivudine (LAM, 150 mg q12h) or SUSTIVA (600 mg once daily) + indinavir (IDV, 1000 mg q8h) with indinavir (800 mg q8h) + zidovudine (300 mg q12h) + lamivudine (150 mg q12h). Twelve hundred sixty-six patients (mean age 36.5 years [range 18-81], 60% Caucasian, 83% male) were enrolled. All patients were efavirenz-, lamivudine-, NNRTI-, and PI-naive at study entry. The median baseline CD4+ cell count was 320 cells/mm3 and the median baseline HIV-1 RNA level was 4.8 log10 copies/mL. Treatment outcomes with standard assay (assay limit 400 copies/mL) through 48 and 168 weeks are shown in Table 10. Plasma HIV RNA levels were quantified with standard (assay limit 400 copies/mL) and ultrasensitive (assay limit 50 copies/mL) versions of the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR assay.
During the study, version 1.5 of the assay was introduced in Europe to enhance detection of non-clade B virus.
Table 10: Outcomes of Randomized Treatment Through 48 and
168 Weeks, Study 006
| Outcome | SUSTIVA + ZDV + LAM (n=422) |
SUSTIVA + IDV (n=429) |
IDV + ZDV + LAM (n=415) |
|||
| Week 48 | Week 168 | Week 48 | Week 168 | Week 48 | Week 168 | |
| Respondera | 69% | 48% | 57% | 40% | 50% | 29% |
| Virologic failureb | 6% | 12% | 15% | 20% | 13% | 19% |
| Discontinued for adverse events | 7% | 8% | 6% | 8% | 16% | 20% |
| Discontinued for other reasonsc | 17% | 31% | 22% | 32% | 21% | 32% |
| CD4+ cell count (cells/mm3) Observed subjects (n) | (279) | (205) | (256) | (158) | (228) | (129) |
| Mean change from baseline | 190 | 329 | 191 | 319 | 180 | 329 |
| a Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1
RNA < 400 copies/mL through Week 48 or Week 168. b Includes patients who rebounded, patients who were on study at Week 48 and failed to achieve confirmed HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL at time of discontinuation, and patients who discontinued due to lack of efficacy. c Includes consent withdrawn, lost to follow-up, noncompliance, never treated, missing data, protocol violation, death, and other reasons. Patients with HIV-1 RNA levels < 400 copies/mL who chose not to continue in the voluntary extension phases of the study were censored at date of last dose of study medication. |
||||||
For patients treated with SUSTIVA + zidovudine + lamivudine, SUSTIVA + indinavir, or indinavir + zidovudine + lamivudine, the percentage of responders with HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL was 65%, 50%, and 45%, respectively, through 48 weeks, and 43%, 31%, and 23%, respectively, through 168 weeks. A Kaplan-Meier analysis of time to loss of virologic response (HIV RNA < 400 copies/mL) suggests that both the trends of virologic response and differences in response continue through 4 years.
ACTG 364 is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 48-week study in NRTI-experienced patients who had completed two prior ACTG studies. One-hundred ninety-six patients (mean age 41 years [range 18-76], 74% Caucasian, 88% male) received NRTIs in combination with SUSTIVA (efavirenz) (600 mg once daily), or nelfinavir (NFV, 750 mg three times daily), or SUSTIVA (600 mg once daily) + nelfinavir in a randomized, double-blinded manner. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 389 cells/mm3 and mean baseline HIV-1 RNA level was 8130 copies/mL. Upon entry into the study, all patients were assigned a new open-label NRTI regimen, which was dependent on their previous NRTI treatment experience. There was no significant difference in the mean CD4+ cell count among treatment groups; the overall mean increase was approximately 100 cells at 48 weeks among patients who continued on study regimens. Treatment outcomes are shown in Table 11. Plasma HIV RNA levels were quantified with the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR assay using a lower limit of quantification of 500 copies/mL.
Table 11: Outcomes of Randomized Treatment Through 48 Weeks,
Study ACTG 364*
| Outcome | SUSTIVA + NFV+ NRTIs (n=65) |
SUSTIVA + NRTIs (n=65) |
NFV + NRTIs (n=66) |
| HIV-1 RNA < 500 copies/mLa | 71% | 63% | 41% |
| HIV-1 RNA ≥ 500 copies/mLb | 17% | 34% | 54% |
| CDC Category C Event | 2% | 0% | 0% |
| Discontinuations for adverse eventsc | 3% | 3% | 5% |
| Discontinuations for other reasonsd | 8% | 0% | 0% |
| * For some patients, Week 56 data were used to confirm the
status at Week 48. a Subjects achieved virologic response (two consecutive viral loads < 500 copies/mL) and maintained it through Week 48. b Includes viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed < 500 copies/mL by Week 48. c See ADVERSE REACTIONS for a safety profile of these regimens. d Includes loss to follow-up, consent withdrawn, noncompliance. |
|||
A Kaplan-Meier analysis of time to treatment failure through 72 weeks demonstrates a longer duration of virologic suppression (HIV RNA < 500 copies/mL) in the SUSTIVA-containing treatment arms.
Last updated on RxList: 10/20/2009
SUSTIVA®
(sus-TEE-vah)
[efavirenz (eh-FAH-vih-rehnz)] Capsules and Tablets
ALERT: Find out about medicines that should NOT be taken with SUSTIVA.
Please also read the section "MEDICINES YOU SHOULD NOT TAKE WITH SUSTIVA."
Read this information before you start taking SUSTIVA. Read it again each time you refill your prescription, in case there is any new information. This leaflet provides a summary about SUSTIVA and does not include everything there is to know about your medicine. This information is not meant to take the place of talking with your doctor.
What is SUSTIVA?
SUSTIVA is a medicine used in combination with other medicines to help treat infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1), the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). SUSTIVA is a type of anti-HIV drug called a "non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor" (NNRTI). NNRTIs are not used in the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection.
SUSTIVA works by lowering the amount of HIV-1 in the blood (viral load). SUSTIVA must be taken with other anti-HIV medicines. When taken with other anti-HIV medicines, SUSTIVA has been shown to reduce viral load and increase the number of CD4+ cells, a type of immune cell in blood. SUSTIVA may not have these effects in every patient.
SUSTIVA does not cure HIV or AIDS. People taking SUSTIVA may still develop other infections and complications. Therefore, it is very important that you stay under the care of your doctor.
SUSTIVA has not been shown to reduce the risk of passing HIV to others. Therefore, continue to practice safe sex, and do not use or share dirty needles.
What are the possible side effects of SUSTIVA?
Serious psychiatric problems. A small number of patients experience severe depression, strange thoughts, or angry behavior while taking SUSTIVA. Some patients have thoughts of suicide and a few have actually committed suicide. These problems tend to occur more often in patients who have had mental illness. Contact your doctor right away if you think you are having these psychiatric symptoms, so your doctor can decide if you should continue to take SUSTIVA (efavirenz).
Common side effects. Many patients have dizziness, trouble sleeping, drowsiness, trouble concentrating, and/or unusual dreams during treatment with SUSTIVA. These side effects may be reduced if you take SUSTIVA at bedtime on an empty stomach. They also tend to go away after you have taken the medicine for a few weeks. If you have these common side effects, such as dizziness, it does not mean that you will also have serious psychiatric problems, such as severe depression, strange thoughts, or angry behavior. Tell your doctor right away if any of these side effects continue or if they bother you. It is possible that these symptoms may be more severe if SUSTIVA is used with alcohol or mood altering (street) drugs.
If you are dizzy, have trouble concentrating, or are drowsy, avoid activities that may be dangerous, such as driving or operating machinery.
Rash is common. Rashes usually go away without any change in treatment. In a small number of patients, rash may be serious. If you develop a rash, call your doctor right away. Rash may be a serious problem in some children. Tell your child's doctor right away if you notice rash or any other side effects while your child is taking SUSTIVA.
Other common side effects include tiredness, upset stomach, vomiting, and diarrhea. Some patients taking SUSTIVA have experienced increased levels of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood.
Changes in body fat. Changes in body fat develop in some patients taking anti-HIV medicine. These changes may include an increased amount of fat in the upper back and neck ("buffalo hump"), in the breasts, and around the trunk. Loss of fat from the legs, arms, and face may also happen. The cause and long-term health effects of these fat changes are not known.
Tell your doctor or healthcare provider if you notice any side effects while taking SUSTIVA.
Contact your doctor before stopping SUSTIVA because of side effects or for any other reason.
This is not a complete list of side effects possible with SUSTIVA. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for a more complete list of side effects of SUSTIVA and all the medicines you will take.
How should I take SUSTIVA?
General Information
Capsules
Tablets
Can children take SUSTIVA?
Yes, children who are able to swallow capsules can take SUSTIVA. Rash may be a serious problem in some children. Tell your child's doctor right away if you notice rash or any other side effects while your child is taking SUSTIVA. The dose of SUSTIVA for children may be lower than the dose for adults. Capsules containing lower doses of SUSTIVA are available. Your child's doctor will determine the right dose based on your child's weight.
Who should not take SUSTIVA?
Do not take SUSTIVA if you are allergic to the active ingredient, efavirenz, or to any of the inactive ingredients. Your doctor and pharmacist have a list of the inactive ingredients.
What should I avoid while taking SUSTIVA?
Before using SUSTIVA, tell your doctor if you
What important information should I know about taking other medicines with SUSTIVA?
SUSTIVA may change the effect of other medicines, including ones for HIV, and cause serious side effects. Your doctor may change your other medicines or change their doses. Other medicines, including herbal products, may affect SUSTIVA. For this reason, it is very important to:
Bring all your prescription and nonprescription medicines as well as any herbal remedies that you are taking when you see a doctor, or make a list of their names, how much you take, and how often you take them. This will give your doctor a complete picture of the medicines you use. Then he or she can decide the best approach for your situation.
Taking SUSTIVA with St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), an herbal product sold as a dietary supplement, or products containing St. John's wort is not recommended. Talk with your doctor if you are taking or are planning to take St. John's wort. Taking St. John's wort may decrease SUSTIVA levels and lead to increased viral load and possible resistance to SUSTIVA or cross-resistance to other anti-HIV drugs.
MEDICINES YOU SHOULD NOT TAKE WITH SUSTIVA
The following medicines may cause serious and life-threatening side effects when taken with SUSTIVA. You should not take any of these medicines while taking SUSTIVA:
The following medicine should not be taken with SUSTIVA since it contains efavirenz, the active ingredient in SUSTIVA:
The following medicines may need to be replaced with another medicine when taken with SUSTIVA:
The following medicines may require a change in the dose of either SUSTIVA or the other medicine:
These are not all the medicines that may cause problems if you take SUSTIVA. Be sure to tell your doctor about all medicines that you take.
General advice about SUSTIVA:
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for conditions that are not mentioned in patient information leaflets. Do not use SUSTIVA for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give SUSTIVA to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them.
Keep SUSTIVA at room temperature (77° F) in the bottle given to you by your pharmacist. The temperature can range from 59° to 86° F.
Keep SUSTIVA out of the reach of children.
This leaflet summarizes the most important information about SUSTIVA. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your pharmacist or doctor for the full prescribing information about SUSTIVA, or you can visit the SUSTIVA website at http://www.sustiva.com or call 1-800-321-1335.
Last updated on RxList: 10/14/2009
IMPORTANT NOTE: This is a summary and does not contain all possible information about this product. For complete information about this product or your specific health needs, ask your health care professional. Always seek the advice of your health care professional if you have any questions about this product or your medical condition. This information is not intended as individual medical advice and does not substitute for the knowledge and judgment of your health care professional. This information does not contain any assurances that this product is safe, effective, or appropriate for you.
EFAVIRENZ - ORAL
(eh-FAV-er-enz)
COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Sustiva
WARNING: Efavirenz is known to interact with many different types of medicines, in some cases causing severe (sometimes fatal) reactions. Consult your doctor or pharmacist about which medications should not be taken with efavirenz. (See also Drug Interactions section.)
USES: This medication is usually used with at least 2 other medications to help control your HIV infection, thereby improving your quality of life. It also lowers your risk of getting HIV disease complications (e.g., new infections, cancers). Efavirenz belongs to a class of drugs known as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Efavirenz is not a cure for HIV infection and it does not prevent the spread of HIV to others through sexual contact or blood contamination (e.g., sharing used needles).
HOW TO USE: Read the Patient Information provided by your pharmacist before you start using efavirenz and each time you get a refill. If you have any questions, consult your doctor or pharmacist.
Take this medication by mouth without food, usually once daily at bedtime or as directed by your doctor. Take this medication with a glass (4-8 ounces or 120-240 milliliters) of water.
Dosage is based on your medical condition, weight, and response to therapy.
It is very important to continue taking this medication (and other HIV medications) exactly as prescribed by your doctor.
This medication works best when the amount of drug in your body is kept at a constant level. Therefore, take this drug at evenly spaced intervals. To help you remember, take it at the same time each day.
Do not take more or less of this drug than prescribed or stop taking it (or other HIV medicines) even for a short time unless directed to do so by your doctor. Skipping or changing your dose without approval from your doctor may cause the amount of virus to increase, make the infection more difficult to treat (resistant), or worsen side effects. If HIV becomes resistant to this medication, it might also be resistant to other HIV medications.
Other common side effects include tiredness, headache, nausea, vomiting, upset stomach, or diarrhea.
If any of these effects persist or worsen, notify your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.
Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: mental/mood changes (depression, suicidal thoughts, anxiety, angry behavior, hallucinations), tingling/numbness of hands or feet.
Tell your doctor immediately if any of these rare but very serious side effects occur: fever, chills, persistent sore throat, muscle weakness/tenderness/pain, stomach/back/abdominal pain, dark urine, yellowing eyes/skin, vision changes, ringing of the ears.
Changes in body fat may occur while you are taking this medication (e.g., increased fat in the upper back and stomach areas, decreased fat in the arms and legs). The cause and long-term effects of these changes are unknown. Discuss the risks and benefits of therapy with your doctor, as well as the possible role of exercise to reduce this side effect.
If you are taking HIV medications for the first time, you may experience a return of symptoms from an old infection. Symptoms might include: new cough, trouble breathing, fever, new vision problems, new headaches, new skin problems.
Contact your doctor immediately if you have any of these effects.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is unlikely, but seek immediate medical attention if it occurs. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction may include: rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, trouble breathing.
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.
Contact your doctor for medical advice about side effects. The following numbers do not provide medical advice, but in the US you may report side effects to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at 1-800-FDA-1088. In Canada, you may call Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
PRECAUTIONS: Before taking efavirenz, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: mental/mood disorders (e.g., depression, suicidal thoughts, anxiety, mania), liver problems (e.g., hepatitis B or C, cirrhosis), alcohol use, pancreatitis, seizure problems, high cholesterol.
This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy. Use caution while driving, using machinery, or doing in any other activity that requires alertness. Avoid alcoholic beverages.
Though a rash is common when first starting efavirenz, and patients can often continue taking the medication, children taking this medication may develop a rash more easily than adults. The rash may also be more severe. An antihistamine may be prescribed by your child's doctor before efavirenz is started.
This medication is not recommended for use during pregnancy. It may harm an unborn baby. Consult your doctor for more details. If you become pregnant while taking this medication, notify your doctor immediately. It is now normal to prescribe HIV medicines for pregnant women with HIV. This has been shown to decrease the risk of giving HIV to the baby. Discuss alternative HIV medications and the risks and benefits with your doctor.
It is not known if efavirenz passes into breast milk. Because breast milk can transmit HIV, do not breast-feed.
Your doctor or pharmacist may already be aware of any possible drug interactions and may be monitoring you for it. Do not start, stop or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with them first.
This drug should not be used with the following medications because very serious interactions may occur: ergot alkaloids (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergonovine), etravirine, cisapride, alprazolam, midazolam, triazolam, St Johns wort, bepridil, pimozide.
If you are currently using any of these medications listed above, tell your doctor or pharmacist before starting efavirenz.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and nonprescription/herbal products you may use, especially of: amprenavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, atazanavir, saquinavir, rifabutin, rifampin, sertraline, itraconazole, ketoconazole, caspofungin, warfarin, clarithromycin, methadone, birth control pills (ethinyl estradiol), phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, certain cholesterol-lowering drugs (atorvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin), voriconazole.
This medication may interfere with certain laboratory tests (including urine cannabinoid tests), possibly causing false test results. Make sure laboratory personnel and all your doctors know you use this drug.
This document does not contain all possible interactions. Therefore, before using this product, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the products you use. Keep a list of all your medications with you, and share the list with your doctor and pharmacist.
OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents can call the US national poison hotline at 1-800-222-1222. Canadian residents should call their local poison control center directly.
NOTES: To reduce the risk of spreading HIV to others, always use effective barrier protections (e.g., latex or polyurethane condoms, dental dams) during all sexual activity. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for more details.
Do not share this medication with others.
Laboratory and/or medical tests (e.g., liver tests, viral load, T-cell counts) should be performed periodically to monitor your progress or check for side effects. Consult your doctor for more details.
Keep all medical and laboratory appointments.
MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember unless it is within 2 hours of your next dose. In that case, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.
STORAGE: Store efavirenz tablets/capsules at room temperature at 77 degrees F (25 degrees C) away from light and moisture. Brief storage between 59-86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C) is permitted. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medicines away from children and pets.
Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product.
MEDICAL ALERT: Your condition can cause complications in a medical emergency. For enrollment information call MedicAlert at 1-800-854-1166 (USA) or 1-800-668-1507 (Canada).
Information last revised August 2008 Copyright(c) 2008 First DataBank, Inc.
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