Mechanism of Action
Triptorelin is a potent inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion when given continuously
and in therapeutic doses. Following the first administration, there is a transient
surge in circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH), testosterone, and estradiol (see ADVERSE REACTIONS). After
chronic and continuous administration, usually 2 to 4 weeks after initiation
of therapy, a sustained decrease in LH and FSH secretion and marked reduction
of testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis is observed. In men, a reduction of
serum testosterone concentration to a level typically seen in surgically castrated
men is obtained. Consequently, the result is that tissues and functions that
depend on these hormones for maintenance become quiescent. These effects are
usually reversible after cessation of therapy.
Following a single intramuscular (IM) injection of TRELSTAR DEPOT to
healthy male volunteers, serum testosterone levels first increased, peaking
on day 4, and declined thereafter to low levels by week 4. Similar testosterone
profiles were observed in patients with advanced prostate cancer, when injected
with TRELSTAR DEPOT. In healthy volunteers, testosterone serum levels
returned to near baseline by week 8.
Pharmacokinetics
Results of pharmacokinetic investigations conducted in healthy men indicate
that after intravenous (IV) bolus administration, triptorelin is distributed
and eliminated according to a 3-compartment model and corresponding half-lives
are approximately 6 minutes, 45 minutes, and 3 hours.
Absorption: Triptorelin pamoate is not active when given orally.
Intramuscular injection of the depot formulation provides plasma concentrations
of triptorelin over a period of 1 month. The pharmacokinetic parameters following
a single IM injection of 3.75 mg of TRELSTAR DEPOT to 20 healthy male
volunteers are listed in Table 1. The plasma concentrations declined to 0.084
ng/mL at 4 weeks.
TABLE 1. PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS FOLLOWING INTRAMUSCULAR
ADMINISTRATION OF TRELSTAR DEPOT TO HEALTHY MALE VOLUNTEERS
|
Dose
(No. of subjects)
|
C max
(ng/mL) |
T max
(h) |
AUC0-28d
(h·ng/mL) |
F (%)3
(No. of days) |
3.75 mg
(n=20) |
28.43 ± 7.311 |
1.0
(1.0 - 3.0)2 |
223.15 ± 46.961 |
83
(28 d) |
1 Mean ± SD
2 Median (range)
3 Computed as the mean AUC of the study divided by the mean
AUC of healthy volunteers corrected for dose where AUC=36.1 h•ng/mL and
500 µg IV bolus doseof triptorelin was administered. |
Distribution: The volume of distribution following an IV bolus
dose of 0.5 mg of triptorelin peptide was 30-33 L in healthy male volunteers.
There is no evidence that triptorelin, at clinically relevant concentrations,
binds to plasma proteins.
Metabolism: The metabolism of triptorelin in humans is unknown,
but is unlikely to involve hepatic microsomal enzymes (cytochrome P-450). However,
the effect of triptorelin on the activity of other drug metabolizing enzymes
is unknown. Thus far, no metabolites of triptorelin have been identified. Pharmacokinetic
data suggest that C-terminal fragments produced by tissue degradation are either
completely degraded in the tissues, or rapidly degraded in plasma, or cleared
by the kidneys.
Excretion: Triptorelin is eliminated by both the liver and the
kidneys. Following IV administration of 0.5 mg triptorelin peptide to 6 healthy
male volunteers with a creatinine clearance of 149.9 mL/min, 41.7% of the dose
was excreted in urine as intact peptide with a total triptorelin clearance of
211.9 mL/min. This percentage increased to 62.3% in patients with liver disease
who have a lower creatinine clearance (89.9 mL/min). It has also been observed
that the non-renal clearance of triptorelin (patient anuric, Clcreat=0) was
76.2 mL/min, thus indicating that the nonrenal elimination of triptorelin is
mainly dependent on the liver (see Special Populations).
Special Populations
Renal and Hepatic Impairment: After an IV injection of 0.5 mg
triptorelin peptide, the two distribution half-lives were unaffected by renal
and hepatic impairment, but renal insufficiency led to a decrease in total triptorelin
clearance proportional to the decrease in creatinine clearance as well as an
increase in volume of distribution and consequently an increase in elimination
half-life (Table 2). The decrease in triptorelin clearance was more pronounced
in subjects with liver insufficiency, but the half-life was prolonged similarly
in subjects with renal insufficiency, since the volume of distribution was only
minimally increased.
Age and Race: The effects of age and race on triptorelin pharmacokinetics
have not been systematically studied. However, pharmacokinetic data obtained
in young healthy male volunteers aged 20 to 22 years with an elevated creatinine
clearance (approximately 150 mL/min) indicates that triptorelin was eliminated
twice as fast in this young population (see Special Populations, Renal and
Hepatic Impairment) as compared to patients with moderate renal insufficiency.
This is related to the fact that triptorelin clearance is partly correlated
to total creatinine clearance, which is well known to decrease with age.
TABLE 2. PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS (MEAN ±SD) IN
HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS AND SPECIAL POPULATIONS
| Group |
Cmax
(ng/mL) |
AUCinf
(h·ng/mL) |
Clp
(mL/min) |
Clrenal
(mL/min) |
t1/2
(h) |
Clcreat
(mL/min) |
| 6 healthy male volunteers |
48.2 ± 11.8 |
36.1 ± 5.8 |
211.9 ± 31.6 |
90.6 ± 35.3 |
2.81 ± 1.21 |
149.9 ± 7.3 |
| 6 males with moderate renal impairment |
45.6 ± 20.5 |
69.9 ± 24.6 |
120.0 ± 45.0 |
23.3 ± 17.6 |
6.56 ± 1.25 |
39.7 ± 22.5 |
| 6 males with severe renal impairment |
46.5 ±14.0 |
88.0 ±18.4 |
88.6 ±19.7 |
4.3 ±2.9 |
7.65 ±1.25 |
8.9 ± 6.0 |
| 6 males with liver disease |
54.1 ± 5.3 | 131.9 ± 18.1 | 57.8 ± 8.0 | 35.9 ± 5.0 | 7.58 ± 1.17 | 89.9 ± 15.1 |
Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions: No pharmacokinetic drug-drug
interaction studies have been conducted with triptorelin (see PRECAUTIONS:
DRUG INTERACTIONS).
Clinical Trials
TRELSTAR DEPOT was studied in a randomized, active control trial of
277 men with advanced prostate cancer. The clinical trial population consisted
of 59.9% Caucasian, 39.3% Black, and 0.8% Other. There was no difference observed
with triptorelin response between racial groups. Men were between 47 and 89
years of age (71 mean). Patients received either TRELSTAR DEPOT or an approved
GnRH agonist monthly for 9 months. The primary efficacy endpoints were both
achievement of castration by Day 29 and maintenance of castration from Day 57
through Day 253. Castration levels of serum testosterone ( ≤ 1.735 nmol/L)
were achieved in 91.2% of TRELSTAR DEPOT patients at Day 29 and in 97.7%
of patients at Day 57.
Maintenance of castration levels of serum testosterone from Day 57 through
Day 253 was found in 96.4% of TRELSTAR DEPOT patients.
The presence of an acute-on-chronic flare phenomenon was also studied as a
secondary efficacy endpoint. Serum LH levels were measured at 2 hours after
repeat TRELSTAR DEPOT administration on Days 85 and 169. One hundred
twenty-four of 126 evaluable patients (98.4%) on Day 85 had a serum LH level
of ≤ 1.0 IU/L at 2 hours after dosing, indicating desensitization of the pituitary
gonadotroph receptors.
Last updated on RxList: 5/19/2008