VIREAD
(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) Tablets
WARNINGS
LACTIC ACIDOSIS/SEVERE HEPATOMEGALY WITH STEATOSIS and POST TREATMENT EXACERBATION OF HEPATITIS
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs, including VIREAD, in combination with other antiretrovirals [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis have been reported in HBV-infected patients who have discontinued anti-hepatitis B therapy, including VIREAD. Hepatic function should be monitored closely with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who discontinue anti-hepatitis B therapy, including VIREAD. If appropriate, resumption of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
VIREAD is the brand name for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (a prodrug of tenofovir) which is a fumaric acid salt of bis-isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl ester derivative of tenofovir. In vivo tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is converted to tenofovir, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (nucleotide) analog of adenosine 5'-monophosphate. Tenofovir exhibits activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
The chemical name of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is 9-[(R)-2-[[bis[[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]methoxy]phosphinyl]methoxy]propyl]adenine fumarate (1:1). It has a molecular formula of C19H30N5O10P •C4H4O4 and a molecular weight of 635.52. It has the following structural formula:
 |
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a solubility of 13.4 mg/mL in distilled water at 25°C. It has an octanol/phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) partition coefficient (log p) of 1.25 at 25 C.
VIREAD tablets are for oral administration. Each tablet contains 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, which is equivalent to 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil, and the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and pregelatinized starch. The tablets are coated with Opadry II Y-30-10671-A, which contains FD&C blue #2 aluminum lake, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 2910, lactose monohydrate, titanium dioxide, and triacetin.
In this insert, all dosages are expressed in terms of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate except where otherwise noted.
Last updated on RxList: 10/28/2009
VIREAD® is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults.
The following points should be considered when initiating therapy with VIREAD for the treatment of HIV-1 infection:
VIREAD is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults.
The following points should be considered when initiating therapy with VIREAD for the treatment of HBV infection:
For the treatment of HIV-1 or chronic hepatitis B: The dose of VIREAD is 300 mg once daily taken orally, without regard to food.
In the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, the optimal duration of treatment is unknown.
Significantly increased drug exposures occurred when VIREAD was administered to subjects with moderate to severe renal impairment [See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Therefore, the dosing interval of VIREAD should be adjusted in patients with baseline creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min using the recommendations in Table 1. These dosing interval recommendations are based on modeling of single-dose pharmacokinetic data in non-HIV and non-HBV infected subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment, including end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. The safety and effectiveness of these dosing interval adjustment recommendations have not been clinically evaluated in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment, therefore clinical response to treatment and renal function should be closely monitored in these patients [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance 50-80 mL/min). Routine monitoring of calculated creatinine clearance and serum phosphorus should be performed in patients with mild renal impairment [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Table 1 Dosage Adjustment for Patients with Altered Creatinine
Clearance
| Creatinine Clearance (mL/min)a | Hemodialysis Patients | |||
| ≥ 50 | 30-49 | 29-Oct | ||
| Recommended 300 mg Dosing Interval | Every 24hours | Every 48hours | Every 72 to96 hours | Every 7 days or after a total of approximately 12 hours of dialysisb |
| a Calculated using ideal (lean) body weight. b Generally once weekly assuming three hemodialysis sessions a week of approximately 4 hours duration. VIREAD should be administered following completion of dialysis. |
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The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir have not been evaluated in non-hemodialysis patients with creatinine clearance < 10 mL/min; therefore, no dosing recommendation is available for these patients.
VIREAD is available as tablets. Each tablet contains 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, which is equivalent to 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil. The tablets are almondshaped, light blue, film-coated, and debossed with “GILEAD” and “4331” on one side and with “300” on the other side.
The almond-shaped, light blue, film-coated tablets contain 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, which is equivalent to 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil, are debossed with “GILEAD” and “4331” on one side and with “300” on the other side, and are available in unit of use bottles (containing a desiccant [silica gel canister or sachet] and closed with a child-resistant closure) of:
30 tablets (NDC 61958-0401-1)
Store at 25 °C (77 °F), excursions permitted to 15-30 °C (59-86 °F) (see USP Controlled Room Temperature).
Do not use if seal over bottle opening is broken or missing.
10/2009. Gilead Sciences, Inc.
Last updated on RxList: 10/28/2009
The following adverse reactions are discussed in other sections of the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
More than 12,000 subjects have been treated with VIREAD alone or in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products for periods of 28 days to 215 weeks in clinical trials and expanded access studies. A total of 1,544 subjects have received VIREAD 300 mg once daily in clinical trials; over 11,000 subjects have received VIREAD in expanded access studies.
The most common adverse reactions (incidence > 10%, Grades 2-4) identified from any of the 3 large controlled clinical trials include rash, diarrhea, headache, pain, depression, asthenia, and nausea.
Study 903 - Treatment-Emergent Adverse-Reactions: The most common adverse reactions seen in a double-blind comparative controlled study in which 600 treatmentnaive subjects received VIREAD (N=299) or stavudine (N=301) in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz for 144 weeks (Study 903) were mild to moderate gastrointestinal events and dizziness.
Mild adverse reactions (Grade 1) were common with a similar incidence in both arms, and included dizziness, diarrhea, and nausea. Selected treatment-emergent moderate to severe adverse reactions are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2 : Selected Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactionsa
(Grades 2-4) Reported in ≥ 5% in Any Treatment Group in Study 903 (0-144
Weeks)
| VIREAD + 3TC + EFV N=299 |
d4T + 3TC + EFV N=301 |
|
| Body as a Whole | ||
| Headache | 14% | 17% |
| Pain | 13% | 12% |
| Fever | 8% | 7% |
| Abdominal pain | 7% | 12% |
| Back pain | 9% | 8% |
| Asthenia | 6% | 7% |
| Digestive System | ||
| Diarrhea | 11% | 13% |
| Nausea | 8% | 9% |
| Dyspepsia | 4% | 5% |
| Vomiting | 5% | 9% |
| Metabolic Disorders | ||
| Lipodystrophyb | 1% | 8% |
| Musculoskeletal | ||
| Arthralgia | 5% | 7% |
| Myalgia | 3% | 5% |
| Nervous System | ||
| Depression | 11% | 10% |
| Insomnia | 5% | 8% |
| Dizziness | 3% | 6% |
| Peripheral neuropathyc | 1% | 5% |
| Anxiety | 6% | 6% |
| Respiratory | ||
| Pneumonia | 5% | 5% |
| Skin and Appendages | ||
| Rash eventd | 18% | 12% |
| a Frequencies of adverse reactions are based
on all treatment-emergent adverse events, regardless of relationship to
study drug. b Lipodystrophy represents a variety of investigator-described adverse events not a protocol-defined syndrome. c Peripheral neuropathy includes peripheral neuritis and neuropathy. d Rash event includes rash, pruritus, maculopapular rash, urticaria, vesiculobullous rash, and pustular rash. |
||
Laboratory Abnormalities: With the exception of fasting cholesterol and fasting triglyceride elevations that were more common in the stavudine group (40% and 9%) compared with VIREAD (19% and 1%) respectively, laboratory abnormalities observed in this study occurred with similar frequency in the VIREAD and stavudine treatment arms. A summary of Grade 3 and 4 laboratory abnormalities is provided in Table 3.
Table 3 : Grade 3/4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in
≥ 1% of VIREAD-Treated Subjects in Study 903 (0-144 Weeks)
| VIREAD + 3TC + EFV N=299 |
d4T + 3TC + EFV N=301 |
|
| Any ≥ Grade 3 Laboratory Abnormality | 36% | 42% |
| Fasting Cholesterol ( > 240 mg/dL) | 19% | 40% |
| Creatine Kinase | ||
| (M: > 990 U/L) | 12% | 12% |
| (F: > 845 U/L) | ||
| Serum Amylase ( > 175 U/L) | 9% | 8% |
| AST | ||
| (M: > 180 U/L) | 5% | 7% |
| (F: > 170U/L) | ||
| ALT | ||
| (M: > 215U/L) | 4% | 5% |
| (F: > 170U/L) | ||
| Hematuria ( > 100 RBC/HPF) | 7% | 7% |
| Neutrophils ( < 750/mm³) | 3% | 1% |
| Fasting Triglycerides ( > 750mg/dL) | 1% | 9% |
Study 934 - Treatment Emergent Adverse Reactions: In Study 934, 511 antiretroviralnaive subjects received either VIREAD + EMTRIVA® administered in combination with efavirenz (N=257) or zidovudine/lamivudine administered in combination with efavirenz (N=254). Adverse reactions observed in this study were generally consistent with those seen in previous studies in treatment-experienced or treatment-naive subjects (Table 4).
Table 4 : Selected Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactionsa
(Grades 2-4) Reported in ≥ 5% in Any Treatment Group in Study 934 (0-144 Weeks)
| VIREADb + FTC + EFV N=257 |
AZT/3TC + EFV N=254 |
|
| Gastrointestinal Disorder | ||
| Diarrhea | 9% | 5% |
| Nausea | 9% | 7% |
| Vomiting | 2% | 5% |
| General Disorders and Administration Site Condition | ||
| Fatigue | 9% | 8% |
| Infections and Infestations | ||
| Sinusitis | 8% | 4% |
| Upper respiratory tract infections | 8% | 5% |
| Nasopharyngitis | 5% | 3% |
| Nervous System Disorders | ||
| Headache | 6% | 5% |
| Dizziness | 8% | 7% |
| Psychiatric Disorders | ||
| Depression | 9% | 7% |
| Insomnia | 5% | 7% |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | ||
| Rash eventc | 7% | 9% |
| a Frequencies of adverse reactions are based
on all treatment-emergent adverse events, regardless of relationship to
study drug. b From Weeks 96 to 144 of the study, subjects received TRUVADA with efavirenz in place of VIREAD + EMTRIVA with efavirenz. c. Rash event includes rash, exfoliative rash, rash generalized, rash macular, rash maculo-papular, rash pruritic, and rash vesicular. |
||
Laboratory Abnormalities: Laboratory abnormalities observed in this study were generally consistent with those seen in previous studies (Table 5).
Table 5 : Significant Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in
≥ 1% of Subjects in Any Treatment Group in Study 934 (0-144 Weeks)
| VIREADa + FTC + EFV N=257 |
AZT/3TC + EFV N=254 |
|
| Any ≥ Grade 3 Laboratory Abnormality | 30% | 26% |
| Fasting Cholesterol ( > 240 mg/dL) | 22% | 24% |
| Creatine Kinase | ||
| (M: > 990 U/L) (F: > 845 U/L) |
9% | 7% |
| Serum Amylase ( > 175 U/L) | 8% | 4% |
| Alkaline Phosphatase ( > 550 U/L) | 1% | 0% |
| AST | ||
| (M: > 180 U/L) (F: > 170U/L) |
3% | 3% |
| ALT | ||
| (M: > 215U/L) (F: > 170U/L) |
2% | 3% |
| Hemoglobin ( < 8.0 mg/dL) | 0% | 4% |
| Hyperglycemia ( > 250 mg/dL) | 2% | 1% |
| Hematuria ( > 75 RBC/HPF) | 3% | 2% |
| Glycosuria ( > 3+) | < 1% | 1% |
| Neutrophils ( < 750/mm³) | 3% | 5% |
| Fasting Triglycerides ( > 750 mg/dL) | 4% | 2% |
| a From Weeks 96 to 144 of the study, subjects received TRUVADA with efavirenz in place of VIREAD + EMTRIVA with efavirenz. | ||
Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions: The adverse reactions seen in treatment experienced subjects were generally consistent with those seen in treatment naïve subjects including mild to moderate gastrointestinal events, such as nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and flatulence. Less than 1 % of subjects discontinued participation in the clinical studies due to gastrointestinal adverse reactions (Study 907).
A summary of moderate to severe, treatment-emergent adverse reactions that occurred during the first 48 weeks of Study 907 is provided in Table 6.
Table 6 : Selected Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactionsa
(Grades 2-4) Reported in ≥ 3% in Any Treatment Group in Study 907 (0-48 Weeks)
| VIREAD (N=368) (Week 0-24) |
Placebo (N=182) (Week 0-24) |
VIREAD (N=368) (Week 0-48) |
Placebo Crossover to VIREAD (N=170) (Week 24-48) |
|
| Body as a Whole | ||||
| Asthenia | 7% | 6% | 11% | 1% |
| Pain | 7% | 7% | 12% | 4% |
| Headache | 5% | 5% | 8% | 2% |
| Abdominal pain | 4% | 3% | 7% | 6% |
| Back pain | 3% | 3% | 4% | 2% |
| Chest pain | 3% | 1% | 3% | 2% |
| Fever | 2% | 2% | 4% | 2% |
| Digestive System | ||||
| Diarrhea | 11% | 10% | 16% | |
| Nausea | 8% | 5% | 11% | 7% |
| Vomiting | 4% | 1% | 7% | 5% |
| Anorexia | 3% | 2% | 4% | 1% |
| Dyspepsia | 3% | 2% | 4% | 2% |
| Flatulence | 3% | 1% | 4% | 1% |
| Respiratory | ||||
| Pneumonia | 2% | 0% | 3% | 2% |
| Nervous System | ||||
| Depression | 4% | 3% | 8% | 4% |
| Insomnia | 3% | 2% | 4% | 4% |
| Peripheral neuropathyb | 3% | 3% | 5% | 2% |
| Dizziness | 1% | 3% | 3% | 1% |
| Skin and Appendage | ||||
| Rash eventc | 5% | 4% | 7% | 1% |
| Sweating | 3% | 2% | 3% | 1% |
| Musculoskeletal | ||||
| Myalgia | 3% | 3% | 4% | 1% |
| Metabolic | ||||
| Weight loss | 2% | 1% | 4% | 2% |
| a Frequencies of adverse reactions are based
on all treatment-emergent adverse events, regardless of relationship to
study drug. b Peripheral neuropathy includes peripheral neuritis and neuropathy. c Rash event includes rash, pruritus, maculopapular rash, urticaria, vesiculobullous rash, and pustular rash. |
||||
Laboratory Abnormalities: Laboratory abnormalities observed in this study occurred with similar frequency in the VIREAD and placebo-treated groups. A summary of Grade 3 and 4 laboratory abnormalities is provided in Table 7.
Table 7 : Grade 3/4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in
≥ 1% of VIREAD-Treated Subjects in Study 907 (0-48 Weeks)
| VIREAD (N=368) (Week 0-24) |
Placebo (N=182) (Week 0-24) |
VIREAD (N=368) (Week 0-48) |
Placebo Crossover to VIREAD (N=170) (Week 24-48) |
|
| Any ≥ Grade 3 Laboratory Abnormality | 25% | 38% | 35% | 34% |
| Triglycerides ( > 750 mg/dL) | 8% | 13% | 11% | 9% |
| Creatine Kinase | ||||
| (M: > 990U/L) (F: > 845 U/L) |
7% | 14% | 12% | 12% |
| Serum Amylase ( > 175 U/L) | 6% | 7% | 7% | 6% |
| Glycosuria ( ≥ 3+) | 3% | 3% | 3% | 2% |
| AST | ||||
| (M: > 180 U/L) (F: > 170U/L) |
3% | 3% | 4% | 5% |
| ALT | ||||
| (M: > 215U/L) (F: > 170U/L) |
2% | 2% | 4% | 5% |
| Serum Glucose ( > 250 U/L) | 2% | 4% | 3% | 3% |
| Neutrophils (<750/mm³) | 1% | 1% | 2% | 1% |
Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions: In controlled clinical trials in subjects with chronic hepatitis B (0102 and 0103), more subjects treated with VIREAD during the 48-week double-blind period experienced nausea: 9% with VIREAD versus 2% with HEPSERA. Other treatment-emergent adverse reactions reported in > 5% of subjects treated with VIREAD included: abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, fatigue, nasopharyngitis, back pain and skin rash.
No significant change in the tolerability profile (frequency, nature, or severity of adverse reactions) was observed in subjects continuing treatment with VIREAD for up to 96 weeks in these studies.
Laboratory Abnormalities: A summary of Grade 3 and 4 laboratory abnormalities is provided in Table 8.
Table 8 : Grade 3/4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in
> 1% of VIREAD-Treated Subjects in Studies 0102 and 0103 (0-48 Weeks)
| VIREAD (N=426) |
HEPSERA (N=215) |
|
| Any ≥ Grade 3 Laboratory Abnormality | 19% | 13% |
| Creatine Kinase | ||
| (M: > 990U/L) (F: > 845U/L) |
2% | 3% |
| Serum Amylase ( > 175 U/L) | 4% | 1% |
| Glycosuria ( ≥ 3+) | 3% | < 1% |
| AST | ||
| (M: > 180U/L) (F: > 170U/L) |
4% | 4% |
| ALT | ||
| (M: > 215U/L) (F: > 170U/L) |
10% | 6% |
The overall incidence of on-treatment ALT elevations (defined as serum ALT > 2 x baseline and > 10 x ULN, with or without associated symptoms) was similar between VIREAD (2.6%) and HEPSERA (2%). ALT elevations generally occurred within the first 4-8 weeks of treatment and were accompanied by decreases in HBV DNA levels. No subject had evidence of decompensation. ALT flares typically resolved within 4 to 8 weeks without changes in study medication.
Grade 3/4 laboratory abnormalities were similar in nature and frequency in subjects continuing treatment for up to 96 weeks in these studies.
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of VIREAD. Because postmarketing reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
allergic reaction, including angioedema
lactic acidosis, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia
dyspnea
pancreatitis, increased amylase, abdominal pain
hepatic steatosis, hepatitis, increased liver enzymes (most commonly AST, ALT gamma GT)
rash
rhabdomyolysis, osteomalacia (manifested as bone pain and which may contribute to fractures), muscular weakness, myopathy
acute renal failure, renal failure, acute tubular necrosis, Fanconi syndrome, proximal renal tubulopathy, interstitial nephritis (including acute cases), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, renal insufficiency, increased creatinine, proteinuria, polyuria
asthenia
The following adverse reactions, listed under the body system headings above, may occur as a consequence of proximal renal tubulopathy: rhabdomyolysis, osteomalacia, hypokalemia, muscular weakness, myopathy, hypophosphatemia.
This section describes clinically relevant drug interactions with VIREAD. Drug interactions studies are described elsewhere in the labeling [See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Coadministration of VIREAD and didanosine should be undertaken with caution and patients receiving this combination should be monitored closely for didanosineassociated adverse reactions. Didanosine should be discontinued in patients who develop didanosine-associated adverse reactions.
When administered with VIREAD, Cmax and AUC of didanosine (administered as either the buffered or enteric-coated formulation) increased significantly [See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown. Higher didanosine concentrations could potentiate didanosine-associated adverse reactions, including pancreatitis and neuropathy. Suppression of CD4+ cell counts has been observed in patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir DF) with didanosine 400 mg daily.
In adults weighing > 60 kg, the didanosine dose should be reduced to 250 mg when it is coadministered with VIREAD. Data are not available to recommend a dose adjustment of didanosine for patients weighing < 60 kg. When coadministered, VIREAD and didanosine EC may be taken under fasted conditions or with a light meal ( < 400 kcal, 20% fat). Coadministration of didanosine buffered tablet formulation with VIREAD should be under fasted conditions.
Atazanavir has been shown to increase tenofovir concentrations [See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown. Patients receiving atazanavir and VIREAD should be monitored for VIREAD-associated adverse reactions. VIREAD should be discontinued in patients who develop VIREAD-associated adverse reactions.
VIREAD decreases the AUC and Cmin of atazanavir [See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. When coadministered with VIREAD, it is recommended that atazanavir 300 mg is given with ritonavir 100 mg. Atazanavir without ritonavir should not be coadministered with VIREAD.
Lopinavir/ritonavir has been shown to increase tenofovir concentrations [See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown. Patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir and VIREAD should be monitored for VIREAD-associated adverse reactions. VIREAD should be discontinued in patients who develop VIREAD associated adverse reactions.
Since tenofovir is primarily eliminated by the kidneys [See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], coadministration of VIREAD with drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion may increase serum concentrations of tenofovir and/or increase the concentrations of other renally eliminated drugs. Some examples include, but are not limited to cidofovir, acyclovir, valacyclovir, ganciclovir, and valganciclovir. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase serum concentrations of tenofovir. In the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, VIREAD should not be administered in combination with HEPSERA (adefovir dipivoxil).
Last updated on RxList: 10/28/2009
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs, including VIREAD, in combination with other antiretrovirals. A majority of these cases have been in women. Obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may be risk factors. Particular caution should be exercised when administering nucleoside analogs to any patient with known risk factors for liver disease; however, cases have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors. Treatment with VIREAD should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations).
Discontinuation of anti-HBV therapy, including VIREAD, may be associated with severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis. Patients infected with HBV who discontinue VIREAD should be closely monitored with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months after stopping treatment. If appropriate, resumption of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted.
Tenofovir is principally eliminated by the kidney. Renal impairment, including cases of acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome (renal tubular injury with severe hypophosphatemia), has been reported with the use of VIREAD [See ADVERSE REACTIONS].
It is recommended that creatinine clearance be calculated in all patients prior to initiating therapy and as clinically appropriate during therapy with VIREAD. Routine monitoring of calculated creatinine clearance and serum phosphorus should be performed in patients at risk for renal impairment, including patients who have previously experienced renal events while receiving HEPSERA.
Dosing interval adjustment of VIREAD and close monitoring of renal function are recommended in all patients with creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min [See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. No safety or efficacy data are available in patients with renal impairment who received VIREAD using these dosing guidelines, so the potential benefit of VIREAD therapy should be assessed against the potential risk of renal toxicity.
VIREAD should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent.
VIREAD should not be used in combination with the fixed-dose combination products TRUVADA or ATRIPLA since tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a component of these products.
VIREAD should not be administered in combination with HEPSERA® (adefovir dipivoxil) [See DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Due to the risk of development of HIV-1 resistance, VIREAD should only be used in HIV-1 and HBV coinfected patients as part of an appropriate antiretroviral combination regimen.
HIV-1 antibody testing should be offered to all HBV-infected patients before initiating therapy with VIREAD. It is also recommended that all patients with HIV-1 be tested for the presence of chronic hepatitis B before initiating treatment with VIREAD.
Bone mineral density (BMD) monitoring should be considered for patients who have a history of pathologic bone fracture or are at risk for osteopenia. Although the effect of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D was not studied, such supplementation may be beneficial for all patients. If bone abnormalities are suspected then appropriate consultation should be obtained.
In HIV-infected subjects treated with VIREAD in Study 903 through 144 weeks, decreases from baseline in BMD were seen at the lumbar spine and hip in both arms of the study. At Week 144, there was a significantly greater mean percentage decrease from baseline in BMD at the lumbar spine in subjects receiving VIREAD + lamivudine + efavirenz (-2.2% ± 3.9) compared with subjects receiving stavudine + lamivudine + efavirenz (-1.0% ± 4.6). Changes in BMD at the hip were similar between the two treatment groups (-2.8% ± 3.5 in the VIREAD group vs. -2.4% ± 4.5 in the stavudine group). In both groups, the majority of the reduction in BMD occurred in the first 24-48 weeks of the study and this reduction was sustained through Week 144. Twenty-eight percent of VIREAD-treated subjects vs. 21% of the stavudine-treated subjects lost at least 5% of BMD at the spine or 7% of BMD at the hip. Clinically relevant fractures (excluding fingers and toes) were reported in 4 subjects in the VIREAD group and 6 subjects in the stavudine group. In addition, there were significant increases in biochemical markers of bone metabolism (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, serum osteocalcin, serum C-telopeptide, and urinary N-telopeptide) in the VIREAD group relative to the stavudine group, suggesting increased bone turnover. Serum parathyroid hormone levels and 1,25 Vitamin D levels were also higher in the VIREAD group. Except for bone specific alkaline phosphatase, these changes resulted in values that remained within the normal range. The effects of VIREAD-associated changes in BMD and biochemical markers on long-term bone health and future fracture risk are unknown.
Cases of osteomalacia (associated with proximal renal tubulopathy and which may contribute to fractures) have been reported in association with the use of VIREAD [See ADVERSE REACTIONS].
The bone effects of VIREAD have not been studied in patients with chronic HBV infection.
In HIV-infected patients redistribution/accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and “cushingoid appearance” have been observed in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.
Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in HIV-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including VIREAD. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections [such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), or tuberculosis], which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.
Clinical studies in HIV-infected subjects have demonstrated that certain regimens that only contain three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) are generally less effective than triple drug regimens containing two NRTIs in combination with either a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or a HIV-1 protease inhibitor. In particular, early virological failure and high rates of resistance substitutions have been reported. Triple nucleoside regimens should therefore be used with caution. Patients on a therapy utilizing a triple nucleoside-only regimen should be carefully monitored and considered for treatment modification.
Patients should be advised that:
Long-term oral carcinogenicity studies of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in mice and rats were carried out at exposures up to approximately 16 times (mice) and 5 times (rats) those observed in humans at the therapeutic dose for HIV-1 infection. At the high dose in female mice, liver adenomas were increased at exposures 16 times that in humans. In rats, the study was negative for carcinogenic findings at exposures up to 5 times that observed in humans at the therapeutic dose.
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was mutagenic in the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay and negative in an in vitro bacterial mutagenicity test (Ames test). In an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was negative when administered to male mice.
There were no effects on fertility, mating performance or early embryonic development when tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was administered to male rats at a dose equivalent to 10 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons for 28 days prior to mating and to female rats for 15 days prior to mating through day seven of gestation. There was, however, an alteration of the estrous cycle in female rats.
Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses up to 14 and 19 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons and revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to tenofovir. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, VIREAD should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry: To monitor fetal outcomes of pregnant women exposed to VIREAD, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been established. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling 1-800-258-4263.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-1-infected mothers not breast-feed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV-1. Studies in rats have demonstrated that tenofovir is secreted in milk. It is not known whether tenofovir is excreted in human milk. Because of both the potential for HIV-1 transmission and the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, mothers should be instructed not to breast-feed if they are receiving VIREAD.
Safety and effectiveness in patients less than 18 years of age have not been established.
Clinical studies of VIREAD did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for the elderly patient should be cautious, keeping in mind the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
It is recommended that the dosing interval for VIREAD be modified in patients with creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min or in patients with ESRD who require dialysis [See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Last updated on RxList: 10/28/2009
Limited clinical experience at doses higher than the therapeutic dose of VIREAD 300 mg is available. In Study 901, 600 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was administered to 8 subjects orally for 28 days. No severe adverse reactions were reported. The effects of higher doses are not known.
If overdose occurs the patient must be monitored for evidence of toxicity, and standard supportive treatment applied as necessary.
Tenofovir is efficiently removed by hemodialysis with an extraction coefficient of approximately 54%. Following a single 300 mg dose of VIREAD, a four-hour hemodialysis session removed approximately 10% of the administered tenofovir dose.
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is an antiviral drug.
The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate have been evaluated in healthy volunteers and HIV-1 infected individuals. Tenofovir pharmacokinetics are similar between these populations.
VIREAD is a water soluble diester prodrug of the active ingredient tenofovir. The oral bioavailability of tenofovir from VIREAD in fasted subjects is approximately 25%. Following oral administration of a single dose of VIREAD 300 mg to HIV-1 infected subjects in the fasted state, maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) are achieved in 1.0 ± 0.4 hrs. Cmax and AUC values are 0.30 ± 0.09μg/mL and 2.29 ± 0.69 μg•hr/mL, respectively.
The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir are dose proportional over a VIREAD dose range of 75 to 600 mg and are not affected by repeated dosing.
In vitro binding of tenofovir to human plasma or serum proteins is less than 0.7 and 7.2%, respectively, over the tenofovir concentration range 0.01 to 25 μg/mL. The volume of distribution at steady-state is 1.3 ± 0.6 L/kg and 1.2 ± 0.4 L/kg, following intravenous administration of tenofovir 1.0 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg.
In vitro studies indicate that neither tenofovir disoproxil nor tenofovir are substrates of CYP enzymes.
Following IV administration of tenofovir, approximately 70-80% of the dose is recovered in the urine as unchanged tenofovir within 72 hours of dosing. Following single dose, oral administration of VIREAD, the terminal elimination half-life of tenofovir is approximately 17 hours. After multiple oral doses of VIREAD 300 mg once daily (under fed conditions), 32 ± 10% of the administered dose is recovered in urine over 24 hours.
Tenofovir is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. There may be competition for elimination with other compounds that are also renally eliminated.
Administration of VIREAD following a high-fat meal (~700 to 1000 kcal containing 40 to 50% fat) increases the oral bioavailability, with an increase in tenofovir AUC0-∞ of approximately 40% and an increase in Cmax of approximately 14%. However, administration of VIREAD with a light meal did not have a significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir when compared to fasted administration of the drug. Food delays the time to tenofovir Cmax by approximately 1 hour. Cmax and AUC of tenofovir are 0.33 ±0.12 μg/mL and 3.32 ± 1.37 μg•hr/mL following multiple doses of VIREAD 300 mg once daily in the fed state, when meal content was not controlled.
Race: There were insufficient numbers from racial and ethnic groups other than Caucasian to adequately determine potential pharmacokinetic differences among these populations.
Gender: Tenofovir pharmacokinetics are similar in male and female subjects.
Pediatric and Geriatric Patients: Pharmacokinetic studies have not been performed in children ( < 18 years) or in the elderly ( > 65 years).
Patients with Impaired Renal Function: The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir are altered in subjects with renal impairment [See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. In subjects with creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min or with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis, Cmax, and AUC0-∞ of tenofovir were increased (Table 9). It is recommended that the dosing interval for VIREAD be modified in patients with creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min or in patients with ESRD who require dialysis [See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Table 9 : Pharmacokinetic Parameters (Mean ± SD) of
Tenofovira in Subjects with Varying Degrees of Renal Function
| Baseline Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) |
> 80 (N=3) |
50-80 (N=10) |
30-49 (N=8) |
12-29 (N=11) |
| Cmax (μg/mL) | 0.34 ±0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.37 ±0.16 | 0.60 ±0.19 |
| AUC0-∞ (*mu;g•hr/mL) | 2.18 ±0.26 | 3.06 ± 0.93 | 6.01 + 2.50 | 15.98 ±7.22 |
| CL/F (mL/min) | 1043.7 ±115.4 | 807.7 ± 279.2 | 444.4 ± 209.8 | 177.0 ±97.1 |
| CLrenal (mL/min) | 243.5 + 33.3 | 168.6 ±27. 5 | 100.6 ±27.5 | 43.0 ±31.2 |
| a 300 mg, single dose of VIREAD | ||||
Tenofovir is efficiently removed by hemodialysis with an extraction coefficient of approximately 54%. Following a single 300 mg dose of VIREAD, a four-hour hemodialysis session removed approximately 10% of the administered tenofovir dose.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment: The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following a 300 mg single dose of VIREAD have been studied in non-HIV infected subjects with moderate to severe hepatic impairment. There were no substantial alterations in tenofovir pharmacokinetics in subjects with hepatic impairment compared with unimpaired subjects. No change in VIREAD dosing is required in patients with hepatic impairment.
At concentrations substantially higher (~300-fold) than those observed in vivo, tenofovir did not inhibit in vitro drug metabolism mediated by any of the following human CYP isoforms: CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, or CYP2E1. However, a small (6%) but statistically significant reduction in metabolism of CYP1A substrate was observed. Based on the results of in vitro experiments and the known elimination pathway of tenofovir, the potential for CYP mediated interactions involving tenofovir with other medicinal products is low.
VIREAD has been evaluated in healthy volunteers in combination with abacavir, atazanavir, didanosine, efavirenz, emtricitabine, entecavir, indinavir, lamivudine, lopinavir/ritonavir, methadone, nelfinavir, oral contraceptives, ribavirin, saquinavir/ritonavir, and tacrolimus. Tables 10 and 11 summarize pharmacokinetic effects of coadministered drug on tenofovir pharmacokinetics and effects of VIREAD on the pharmacokinetics of coadministered drug.
Table 10 : Drug Interactions: Changes in Pharmacokinetic
Parameters for Tenofovira in the Presence of the Coadministered Drug
| Coadministered Drug | Dose of Coadministered Drug (mg) | N | % Change of Tenofovir Pharmacokinetic Parametersb (90% CI) | ||
| Cmax | AUC | Cmin | |||
| Abacavir | 300 once | 8 | ⇔ | ⇔ | NC |
| Atazanavirc | 400 once daily x 14 days | 33 | ↑1 4 (↑8 to ↑ 20) |
↑24 (↑ 21 to ↑28) |
↑2 2 (↑ 15 to ↑30) |
| Didanosine (enteric-coated) | 400 once | 25 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| Didanosine (buffered) | 250 or 400 once daily x 7 days | 14 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| Efavirenz | 600 once daily x 14 days | 29 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| Emtricitabine | 200 once daily x 7 days | 17 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| Entecavir | 1 mg once daily x 10 days | 28 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| Indinavir | 800 three times daily x 7 days | 13 | ↑1 4 (↓ 3 to ↑33) |
⇔ | ⇔ |
| Lamivudine | 150 twice daily x 7 days | 15 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| Lopinavir/Ritonavir | 400/100 twicedaily x 14 days | 24 | ⇔ | ↑32 (↑25 to ↑38) |
↑51 (↑37 to ↑66) |
| Nelfinavir | 1250 twice daily x 14 days | 29 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| Saquinavir/Ritonavir | 1000/100 twice daily x 14 days | 35 | ⇔ | ⇔ | f 23 (t 16 to t 30) |
| Tacrolimus | 0.05 mg/kg twice daily x 7 days | 21 | ↑13 (↑1 to ↑ 27) |
⇔ | ⇔ |
| a Subjects received VIREAD 300 mg once daily. b Increase = ↑; Decrease = ↓ No Effect = ⇔; NC = Not Calculated c Reyataz Prescribing Information |
|||||
Following multiple dosing to HIV- and HBV-negative subjects receiving either chronic methadone maintenance therapy or oral contraceptives, or single doses of ribavirin, steady state tenofovir pharmacokinetics were similar to those observed in previous studies, indicating lack of clinically significant drug interactions between these agents and VIREAD.
Table 11 : Drug Interactions: Changes in Pharmacokinetic
Parameters for Coadministered Drug in the Presence of VIREAD
| Coadministered Drug |
Dose of Coadministered Drug (mg) |
N | % Change of Coadministered Drug Pharmacokinetic Parametersa (90% CI) | ||
| Cmax | AUC | Cmin | |||
| Abacavir | 300 once | 8 | ↑ 12 (↓1 to ↑ 26) |
⇔ | NA |
| Atazanavirb | 400 once daily x14 days | 34 | ↓21 (↓27 to ↓14) |
↓25 (↓30 to ↓ 19) |
↓40 (↓48 to ↓ 32) |
| Atazanavirb | Atazanavir/ Ritonavir 300/100 once daily x 42 days | 10 | ↓28 (↓ 50 to ↑5) |
↓25c (↓ 42 to ↓3) |
↓23c (↓46 to ↑10) |
| Efavirenz | 600 once daily x14 days | 30 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| Emtricitabine | 200 once daily x 7 days | 17 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ↑20 (↑12 to ↑29) |
| Entecavir | 1 mg once daily x 10 days | 28 | ⇔ | ↑13 (↑11 to ↑15) |
⇔ |
| Indinavir | 800 three times daily x 7 days | 12 | ↓11 (↓30 to ↑12) |
⇔ | ⇔ |
| Lamivudine | 150 twice daily x 7 days | 15 | ↓24 (↓3 4 to ↓12) |
⇔ | ⇔ |
| Lopinavir | Lopinavir/Ritonavir 400/100 twice daily x14 days | 24 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| Ritonavir | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ | ||
| Methadoned | 40-110 once daily x 14 dayse | 13 | ⇔ | ⇔ | |
| Nelfinavir M8 metabolite | 1250 twice daily x 14 days | 29 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| Oral Contraceptivesf | Ethinyl Estradiol/ Norgestimate (Ortho-Tricyclen) once daily x 7 days | 20 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| Ribavirin | 600 once | 22 | ⇔ | ⇔ | NA |
| Saquinavir | Saquinavir/ Ritonavir 1000/100 twice daily x14 days | ↑22 (↑6 to ↑41) |
↑29g (↑12 to ↑48) |
↑47g (↑23 to ↑76) |
|
| Ritonavir | 32 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ↑23 (↑3 to ↑46) |
|
| Tacrolimus | 0.05 mg/kg twice daily x 7 days | 21 | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| a Increase = ↑; Decrease = ↓; No Effect
= ⇔; NA = Not Applicable b Reyataz Prescribing Information c. In HIV-infected subjects, addition of tenofovir DF to atazanavir 300 mg plus ritonavir 100 mg, resulted in AUC and Cmin values of atazanavir that were 2.3- and 4-fold higher than the respective values observed for atazanavir 400 mg when given alone. d R-(active), S- and total methadone exposures were equivalent when dosed alone or with VIREAD. e Individual subjects were maintained on their stable methadone dose. No pharmacodynamic alterations (opiate toxicity or withdrawal signs or symptoms) were reported. f Ethinyl estradiol and 17-deacetyl norgestimate (pharmacologically active metabolite) exposures were equivalent when dosed alone or with VIREAD. g Increases in AUC and Cmin are not expected to be clinically relevant; hence no dose adjustments are required when tenofovir DF and ritonavir-boosted saquinavir are coadministered. |
|||||
Table 12 summarizes the drug interaction between VIREAD and didanosine. Coadministration of VIREAD and didanosine should be undertaken with caution [See DRUG INTERACTIONS]. When administered with multiple doses of VIREAD, the Cmax and AUC of didanosine 400 mg increased significantly. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown. When didanosine 250 mg enteric-coated capsules were administered with VIREAD, systemic exposures to didanosine were similar to those seen with the 400 mg enteric-coated capsules alone under fasted conditions.
Table 12 : Drug Interactions: Pharmacokinetic Parameters
for Didanosine in the Presence of VIREAD
| Didanosine Dose (mg)/ Method of Administration | VIREAD Method of Administrationa | N | %Difference (90% CI) vs. Didanosine 400 mg Alone,Fastedb | |
| Cmax | AUC | |||
| Buffered tablets | ||||
| 400 once dailyc x 7 days | Fasted 1 hour after didanosine | 14 | ↑2 8 (↑11 to ↑ 48) |
↑44 (↑31 to ↑59) |
| Enteric coated capsules | ||||
| 400 once, fasted | With food, 2 hours after didanosine | 26 | ↑ 48 (↑25 to ↑76) |
↑48 (↑ 31 to ↑ 67) |
| 400 once, with food | Simultaneously with didanosine | 26 | ↑6 4 (↑41 to ↑ 89) |
↑60 (↑44 to ↑79) |
| 250 once, fasted | With food, 2 hours after didanosine | 28 | ↓10 (↓22 to ↑ 3) |
⇔ |
| 250 once, fasted | Simultaneously with didanosine | 28 | ⇔ | ↑14 (0 to ↑31) |
| 250 once, with food | Simultaneously with didanosine | 28 | ↓29 (↓39 to ↓18) |
↓11 (↓ 23 to ↑2) |
| a Administration with food was with a light meal
(~373 kcal, 20% fat). b Increase = ↑; Decrease =↓, No Effect = ⇔ c Includes 4 subjects weighing < 60 kg receiving ddl 250 mg. |
||||
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diester analog of adenosine monophosphate. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate requires initial diester hydrolysis for conversion to tenofovir and subsequent phosphorylations by cellular enzymes to form tenofovir diphosphate, an obligate chain terminator. Tenofovir diphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and HBV polymerase by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate and, after incorporation into DNA, by DNA chain termination. Tenofovir diphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases a, p, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase y.
Antiviral Activity
The antiviral activity of tenofovir against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 was assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, primary monocyte/macrophage cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The EC50 (50% effective concentration) values for
tenofovir were in the range of 0.04μ M to 8.5μM. In drug combination studies of tenofovir with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (abacavir, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, zidovudine), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (delavirdine, efavirenz, nevirapine), and protease inhibitors (amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir), additive to synergistic effects were observed. Tenofovir displayed antiviral activity in cell culture against HIV-1 clades A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and O (EC50 values ranged from 0.5μM to 2.2 μM) and strain specific activity against HIV-2 (EC50 values ranged from 1.6 μM to 5.5 μM).
Resistance
HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to tenofovir have been selected in cell culture. These viruses expressed a K65R substitution in reverse transcriptase and showed a 2- 4 fold reduction in susceptibility to tenofovir.
In Study 903 of treatment-naive subjects (VIREAD + lamivudine + efavirenz versus stavudine + lamivudine + efavirenz) [See Clinical Studies], genotypic analyses of isolates from subjects with virologic failure through Week 144 showed development of efavirenz and lamivudine resistance-associated substitutions to occur most frequently and with no difference between the treatment arms. The K65R substitution occurred in 8/47 (17%) analyzed patient isolates on the VIREAD arm and in 2/49 (4%) analyzed patient isolates on the stavudine arm. Of the 8 subjects whose virus developed K65R in the VIREAD arm through 144 weeks, 7 of these occurred in the first 48 weeks of treatment and one at Week 96. Other substitutions resulting in resistance to VIREAD were not identified in this study.
In Study 934 of treatment-naive subjects (VIREAD + EMTRIVA + efavirenz versus zidovudine (AZT)/lamivudine (3TC) + efavirenz) [See Clinical Studies], genotypic analysis performed on HIV-1 isolates from all confirmed virologic failure subjects with > 400 copies/mL of HIV-1 RNA at Week 144 or early discontinuation showed development of efavirenz resistance-associated substitutions occurred most frequently and was similar between the two treatment arms. The M184V substitution, associated with resistance to EMTRIVA and lamivudine, was observed in 2/19 analyzed subject isolates in the VIREAD + EMTRIVA group and in 10/29 analyzed subject isolates in the zidovudine/lamivudine group. Through 144 weeks of Study 934, no subjects have developed a detectable K65R substitution in their HIV-1 as analyzed through standard genotypic analysis.
Cross Resistance
Cross-resistance among certain reverse transcriptase inhibitors has been recognized. The K65R substitution selected by tenofovir is also selected in some HIV-1 infected subjects treated with abacavir, didanosine, or zalcitabine. HIV-1 isolates with this mutation also show reduced susceptibility to emtricitabine and lamivudine. Therefore, cross-resistance among these drugs may occur in patients whose virus harbors the K65R substitution. HIV-1 isolates from subjects (N=20) whose HIV-1 expressed a mean of 3 zidovudine-associated reverse transcriptase substitutions (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, or K219Q/E/N), showed a 3.1-fold decrease in the susceptibility to tenofovir.
In Studies 902 and 907 conducted in treatment-experienced subjects (VIREAD + Standard Background Therapy (SBT) compared to Placebo + SBT) [See Clinical Studies], 14/304 (5%) of the VIREAD-treated subjects with virologic failure through Week 96 had > 1.4-fold (median 2.7-fold) reduced susceptibility to tenofovir. Genotypic analysis of the baseline and failure isolates showed the development of the K65R substitution in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase gene.
The virologic response to VIREAD therapy has been evaluated with respect to baseline viral genotype (N=222) in treatment-experienced subjects participating in Studies 902 and 907.
In these clinical studies, 94% of the participants evaluated had baseline HIV-1 isolates expressing at least one NRTI mutation. These included resistance substitutions associated with zidovudine (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, or K219Q/E/N), the abacavir/emtricitabine/lamivudine resistance-associated substitution (M184V), and others. In addition the majority of participants evaluated had substitutions associated with either PI or NNRTI use. Virologic responses for subjects in the genotype substudy were similar to the overall study results.
Several exploratory analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of specific substitutions and substitutional patterns on virologic outcome. Because of the large number of potential comparisons, statistical testing was not conducted. Varying degrees of cross-resistance of VIREAD to pre-existing zidovudine resistance-associated substitutions were observed and appeared to depend on the number of specific substitutions. VIREAD-treated subjects whose HIV-1 expressed 3 or more zidovudine resistance-associated substitutions that included either the M41L or L210W reverse transcriptase substitution showed reduced responses to VIREAD therapy; however, these responses were still improved compared with placebo. The presence of the D67N, K70R, T215Y/F, or K219Q/E/N substitution did not appear to affect responses to VIREAD therapy. Subjects whose virus expressed an L74V substitution without zidovudine resistance associated substitutions (N=8) had reduced response to VIREAD. Limited data are available for subjects whose virus expressed a Y115F substitution (N=3), Q151M substitution (N=2), orT69 insertion (N=4), all of whom had a reduced response.
In the protocol defined analyses, virologic response to VIREAD was not reduced in subjects with HIV-1 that expressed the abacavir/emtricitabine/lamivudine resistanceassociated M184V substitution. HIV-1 RNA responses among these subjects were durable through Week 48.
The virologic response to VIREAD therapy has been evaluated with respect to baseline phenotype (N=100) in treatment-experienced subjects participating in two controlled trials. Phenotypic analysis of baseline HIV-1 from subjects in these studies demonstrated a correlation between baseline susceptibility to VIREAD and response to VIREAD therapy. Table 13 summarizes the HIV-1 RNA response by baseline VIREAD susceptibility.
Table 13: HIV-1 RNA Response at Week 24 by Baseline VIREAD
Susceptibility (Intent- To-Treat)a
| Baseline VIREAD Susceptibilityb | Change in HIV-1 RNAC (N) |
| < 1 | -0.74 (35) |
| > 1 and ≤ 3 | -0.56 (49) |
| > 3 and ≤ 4 | -0.3 (7) |
| > 4 | -0.12(9) |
| a Tenofovir susceptibility was determined by
recombinant phenotypic Antivirogram assay (Virco). b Fold change in susceptibility from wild-type. c Average HIV-1 RNA change from baseline through Week 24 (DAVG24) in log10 copies/mL |
|
Antiviral Activity
The antiviral activity of tenofovir against HBV was assessed in the HepG2 2.2.15 cell line. The EC50 values for tenofovir ranged from 0.14 to 1.5 μM, with CC50 (50% cytotoxicity concentration) values > 100 μM. In cell culture combination antiviral activity studies of tenofovir with the nucleoside anti-HBV reverse transcriptase inhibitors emtricitabine, entecavir, lamivudine and telbivudine, no antagonistic activity was observed.
Resistance
Cumulative VIREAD genotypic resistance analysis of paired pre-treatment and ontreatment isolates was performed using an as-treated analysis. Subjects remaining viremic with HBV DNA > 400 copies/mL at the last evaluable study visit after 96 weeks of cumulative treatment (16%[26/160] of HBeAg positive subjects in Study 103 and 3% [8/234] of HBeAg negative subjects in Study 102) were evaluated for genotypic resistance. These 34 subjects with viremia were primarily treatment-naive and received VIREAD for up to 96 weeks; of these, 65% (17/26) of HBeAg-positive and 13% (1/8) of HBeAg-negative subjects had a baseline viral load of > 9 log10 copies/mL.
In addition, 16 of the 84 HBeAg-positive subjects who received 48 weeks of HEPSERA and then switched to VIREAD for up to 48 weeks, and 18 of 53 Hepsera treatment experienced subjects from an ongoing Phase 2 study who received up to 48 weeks of VIREAD monotherapy and who had plasma HBV DNA > 400 copies/mL, were included in the resistance analysis. Subjects in the Phase 2 study were previously treated for 24 to 96 weeks with HEPSERA for chronic HBV infection and had plasma HBV DNA levels ≥ 1,000 copies/mL at screening.
In the three VIREAD-treatment studies, paired genotypic data were obtained for 55 of 68 viremic subjects. No specific amino acid substitutions in the HBV reverse transcriptase domain occurred at a sufficient frequency to be associated with resistance to VIREAD (genotypic or phenotypic analyses).
In the three VIREAD-treatment studies, prior to treatment with VIREAD, 13 and 10 subjects had HBV harboring adefovir resistance-associated substitutions (rtA181T/V and/or rtN236T) or lamivudine resistance-associated substitution (rtM204l/V), respectively. Following up to 96 weeks of VIREAD treatment, 11 of the 13 subjects with adefovir-resistant HBV and 8 of the 10 subjects with lamivudine-resistant HBV achieved virologic suppression (HBV DNA < 400 copies/mL). Two of the 4 subjects harboring both the rtA181T/V and rtN236T substitutions remained viremic following 24 weeks of VIREAD monotherapy.
Cross Resistance
Cross-resistance has been observed among HBV reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
In cell based assays, HBV strains expressing the rtV173L, rtL180M, and rtM204l/V substitutions associated with resistance to lamivudine and telbivudine showed a susceptibility to tenofovir ranging from 0.7 to 3.4-fold that of wild type virus. The rtL180M and rtM204l/V double substitutions conferred 3.4-fold reduced susceptibility to tenofovir.
HBV strains expressing the rtL180M, rtT184G, rtS202G/l, rtM204V, and rtM250V substitutions associated with resistance to entecavir showed a susceptibility to tenofovir ranging from 0.6 to 6.9-fold that of wild type virus. An HBV strain expressing rtL180M, rtT184G, rtS202l and rtM204V together had a 6.9-fold reduction in susceptibility to tenofovir.
HBV strains expressing the adefovir resistance-associated substitutions rtA181V and/or (1N236T showed reductions in susceptibility to tenofovir ranging from 2.9 to 10-fold that of wild type virus.
Strains containing the rtA181T substitution showed changes in susceptibility to tenofovir ranging from 0.9 to 1.5-fold that of wild type virus.
Tenofovir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate administered in toxicology studies to rats, dogs, and monkeys at exposures (based on AUCs) greater than or equal to 6 fold those observed in humans caused bone toxicity. In monkeys the bone toxicity was diagnosed as osteomalacia. Osteomalacia observed in monkeys appeared to be reversible upon dose reduction or discontinuation of tenofovir. In rats and dogs, the bone toxicity manifested as reduced bone mineral density. The mechanism(s) underlying bone toxicity is unknown.
Evidence of renal toxicity was noted in 4 animal species. Increases in serum creatinine, BUN, glycosuria, proteinuria, phosphaturia, and/or calciuria and decreases in serum phosphate were observed to varying degrees in these animals. These toxicities were noted at exposures (based on AUCs) 2-20 times higher than those observed in humans. The relationship of the renal abnormalities, particularly the phosphaturia, to the bone toxicity is not known.
Study 903
Data through 144 weeks are reported for Study 903, a double-blind, active-controlled multicenter study comparing VIREAD (300 mg once daily) administered in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz versus stavudine (d4T), lamivudine, and efavirenz in 600 antiretroviral-naive subjects. Subjects had a mean age of 36 years (range 18-64), 74% were male, 64% were Caucasian and 20% were Black. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 279 cells/mm³ (range 3-956) and median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 77,600 copies/mL (range 417-5,130,000). Subjects were stratified by baseline HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ cell count. Forty-three percent of subjects had baseline viral loads > 100,000 copies/mL and 39% had CD4+ cell counts < 200 cells/mm³. Treatment outcomes through 48 and 144 weeks are presented in Table 14.
Table 14 : Outcomes of Randomized Treatment at Week 48 and
144 (Study 903)
| Outcomes | At Week 48 | At Week 144 | ||
| VIREAD+3TC +EFV (N=299) |
d4T+3TC +EFV (N=301) |
VIREAD+ 3TC+EFV (N=299) |
d4T+3TC +EFV (N=301) |
|
| Respondera | 79% | 82% | 68% | 62% |
| Virologic failureb | 6% | 4% | 10% | 8% |
| Rebound | 5% | 3% | 8% | 7% |
| Never suppressed | 0% | 1% | 0% | 0% |
| Added an antiretroviral agent | 1% | 1% | 2% | 1% |
| Death | < 1% | 1% | < 1% | 2% |
| Discontinued due to adverse event | 6% | 6% | 8% | 13% |
| Discontinued for other reasonsc | 8% | 7% | 14% | 15% |
| a Subjects achieved and maintained confirmed
HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL through Week 48 and 144. b Includes confirmed viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed < 400 copies/mL through Week 48 and 144. c Includes lost to follow-up, subject's withdrawal, noncompliance, protocol violation and other reasons. |
||||
Achievement of plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations of less than 400 copies/mL at Week 144 was similar between the two treatment groups for the population stratified at baseline on the basis of HIV-1 RNA concentration ( > or < 100,000 copies/mL) and CD4+cell count ( < or ≥ 200 cells/mm³). Through 144 weeks of therapy, 62% and 58% of subjects in the VIREAD and stavudine arms, respectively achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL. The mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 263 cells/mm³ for the VIREAD arm and 283 cells/mm³ for the stavudine arm.
Through 144 weeks, 11 subjects in the VIREAD group and 9 subjects in the stavudine group experienced a new CDC Class C event.
Study 934
Data through 144 weeks are reported for Study 934, a randomized, open-label, activecontrolled multicenter study comparing emtricitabine + VIREAD administered in combination with efavirenz versus zidovudine/lamivudine fixed-dose combination administered in combination with efavirenz in 511 antiretroviral-naive subjects. From Weeks 96 to 144 of the study, subjects received a fixed-dose combination of emtricitabine and tenofovir DF with efavirenz in place of emtricitabine + VIREAD with efavirenz. Subjects had a mean age of 38 years (range 18-80), 86% were male, 59% were Caucasian and 23% were Black. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 245 cells/mm³ (range 2-1191) and median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 5.01 log10 copies/mL (range 3.56-6.54). Subjects were stratified by baseline CD4+ cell count ( < or ≥ 200 cells/mm³); 41% had CD4+cell counts < 200 cells/mm³ and 51% of subjects had baseline viral loads > 100,000 copies/mL. Treatment outcomes through 48 and 144 weeks for those subjects who did not have efavirenz resistance at baseline are presented in Table 15.
Table 15 : Outcomes of Randomized Treatment at Week 48 and
144 (Study 934)
| Outcomes | At Week 48 | At Week144 | ||
| FTC+ VIREAD +EFV (N=244) |
AZT/3TC +EFV (N=243) |
FTC+ VIREAD +EFV (N=227)a |
AZT/3TC +EFV (N=229)a |
|
| Responderb | 84% | 73% | 71% | 58% |
| Virologic failurec | 2% | 4% | 3% | 6% |
| Rebound | 1% | 3% | 2% | 5% |
| Never suppressed | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Change in antiretroviral regimen | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% |
| Death | < 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% |
| Discontinued due to adverse event | 4% | 9% | 5% | 12% |
| Discontinued for other reasonsd | 10% | 14% | 20% | 22% |
| a Subjects who were responders at Week 48 or
Week 96 (HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL) but did not consent to continue
study after Week 48 or Week 96 were excluded from analysis. b Subjects achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL through Weeks 48 and 144. c Includes confirmed viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed < 400 copies/mL through Weeks 48 and 144. d Includes lost to follow-up, subject withdrawal, noncompliance, protocol violation and other reasons. |
||||
Through Week 48, 84% and 73% of subjects in the emtricitabine + VIREAD group and the zidovudine/lamivudine group, respectively, achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL (71% and 58% through Week 144). The difference in the proportion of subjects who achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL through 48 weeks largely results from the higher number of discontinuations due to adverse events and other reasons in the zidovudine/lamivudine group in this open-label study. In addition, 80% and 70% of subjects in the emtricitabine + VIREAD group and the zidovudine/lamivudine group, respectively, achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL through Week 48 (64% and 56% through Week 144). The mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 190 cells/mm³ in the EMTRIVA + VIREAD group and 158 cells/mm³ in the zidovudine/lamivudine group at Week 48 (312 and 271 cells/mm³ at Week 144).
Through 48 weeks, 7 subjects in the emtricitabine + VIREAD group and 5 subjects in the zidovudine/lamivudine group experienced a new CDC Class C event (10 and 6 subjects through 144 weeks).
Study 907
Study 907 was a 24-week, double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter study of VIREAD added to a stable background regimen of antiretroviral agents in 550 treatment experienced subjects. After 24 weeks of blinded study treatment, all subjects continuing on study were offered open-label VIREAD for an additional 24 weeks. Subjects had a mean baseline CD4+ cell count of 427 cells/mm³ (range 23-1385), median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA of 2340 (range 50-75,000) copies/mL, and mean duration of prior HIV-1 treatment was 5.4 years. Mean age of the subjects was 42 years, 85% were male and 69% were Caucasian, 17% Black and 12% Hispanic.
Changes from baseline in log10 copies/mL plasma HIV-1 RNA levels over time up to Week 48 are presented below in Figure 1.
Figure 1 : Mean Change from Baseline in Plasma HIV-1 RNA
(log10 copies/mL) Through Week 48 (Study 907; All Available Data)†
 |
The percent of subjects with HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL and outcomes of subjects through 48 weeks are summarized in Table 16.
Table 16 : Outcomes of Randomized Treatment (Study 907)
| Outcomes | 0-24weeks | 0-48 weeks | 24-48 weeks | |
| VIREAD (N=368) |
Placebo (N=182) |
VIREAD (N=368) |
Placebo Crossover to VIREAD (N=170) |
|
| HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mLa | 40% | 11% | 28% | 30% |
| Virologic failureb | 53% | 84% | 61% | 64% |
| Discontinued due to adverse event | 3% | 3% | 5% | 5% |
| Discontinued for other reasonsc | 3% | 3% | 5% | 1% |
| a Subjects with HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL and
no prior study drug discontinuation at Week 24 and 48 respectively. b Subjects with HIV-1 RNA ≥ 400 copies/mL efficacy failure or missing HIV-1 RNA at Week 24 and 48 respectively. c Includes lost to follow-up, subject withdrawal, noncompliance, protocol violation and other reasons. |
||||
At 24 weeks of therapy, there was a higher proportion of subjects in the VIREAD arm compared to the placebo arm with HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL (19% and 1%, respectively). Mean change in absolute CD4+ cell counts by Week 24 was +11 cells/mm³ for the VIREAD group and -5 cells/mm³ for the placebo group. Mean change in absolute CD4+ cell counts by Week 48 was +4 cells/mm³ for the VIREAD group.
Through Week 24, one subject in the VIREAD group and no subjects in the placebo arm experienced a new CDC Class C event.
Study 0102 was a Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study of VIREAD 300 mg compared to HEPSERA 10 mg in 375 HBeAg- (anti-HBe+) subjects with compensated liver function, the majority of whom were nucleoside-naive. The mean age of subjects was 44 years, 77% were male, 25% were Asian, 65% were Caucasian, 17% had previously received alpha-interferon therapy and 18% were nucleoside-experienced (16% had prior lamivudine experience). At baseline, subjects had a mean Knodell necroinflammatory score of 7.8; mean plasma HBV DNA was 6.9 log10 copies/mL; and mean serum ALT was 140 U/L.
Study 0103 was a Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study of VIREAD 300 mg compared to HEPSERA 10 mg in 266 HBeAg+ nucleoside-naïve subjects with compensated liver function. The mean age of subjects was 34 years, 69% were male, 36% were Asian, 52% were Caucasian, 16% had previously received alphainterferon therapy, and < 5% were nucleoside experienced. At baseline, subjects had a mean Knodell necroinflammatory score of 8.4; mean plasma HBV DNA was 8.7 log10 copies /mL; and mean serum ALT was 147 U/L.
The primary data analysis was conducted after all subjects reached 48 weeks of treatment and results are summarized below.
The primary efficacy endpoint in both studies was complete response to treatment defined as HBV DNA < 400 copies/mL and Knodell necroinflammatory score improvement of at least 2 points, without worsening in Knodell fibrosis at Week 48 (Table 17).
Table 17 : Histological, Virological, Biochemical, and Serological
Response at Week 48
| 0102 (HBeAg-) | 0103 (HBeAg+) | |||
| VIREAD (N=250) |
HEPSERA (N=125) |
VIREAD (N=176) |
HEPSERA (N=90) |
|
| Complete Response Histology | 71% | 49% | 67% | 12% |
| Histological Responsea | 72% | 69% | 74% | 68% |
| HBV DNA | ||||
| < 400 copies/mL ( < 69 lU/mL) | 93% | 63% | 76% | 13% |
| ALT | ||||
| Normalized ALTb | 76% | 77% | 68% | 54% |
| Serology | ||||
| HBeAg Loss/Seroconversion | NA C | NA C | 20%/19% | 16%/16% |
| HBsAg Loss/Seroconversion | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3%/1% | 0/0 |
| a Knodell necroinflammatory score
improvement of at least 2 points without worsening in Knodell fibrosis. b The population used for analysis of ALT normalization included only subjects with ALT above ULN at baseline. c NA = Not Applicable |
||||
In Studies 0102 (HBeAg-negative) and 0103 (HBeAg-positive), subjects rolled over with no interruption in treatment to open-label VIREAD through Week 96 after receiving double-blind treatment for 48 weeks (either VIREAD or HEPSERA). At Week 72 or thereafter, emtricitabine could be added to VIREAD in subjects who had detectable HBV DNA.
In Study 0102, 90% of subjects who were randomized to VIREAD completed 96 weeks of treatment. Among subjects randomized to VIREAD followed by open-label treatment with VIREAD, 89% had undetectable HBV DNA ( < 400 copies/mL), and 71% had ALT normalization at Week 96. In the group of subjects randomized to HEPSERA followed by open-label treatment with VIREAD, 88% completed 96 weeks of treatment; 96% of this cohort had undetectable HBV DNA ( < 400 copies/mL) and 71 % had ALT normalization at Week 96. Emtricitabine was added to VIREAD in 2 ( < 1%) subjects initially randomized to VIREAD and none of those randomized to HEPSERA. No subject in either treatment group experienced HBsAg loss/seroconversion through Week 96.
In Study 0103, 82% of subjects randomized to VIREAD completed 96 weeks of treatment. Among subjects randomized to VIREAD, 81% had undetectable HBV DNA ( < 400 copies/mL), 64% had ALT normalization, 27% had HBeAg loss (23% seroconversion to anti-HBe antibody), and 5% had HBsAg loss (4% seroconversion to anti-HBs antibody) through Week 96. Among subjects randomized to HEPSERA followed by up to 48 weeks of open-label treatment with VIREAD, 92% of subjects completed 96 weeks of treatment; 76% had undetectable HBV DNA ( < 400 copies/mL), 67% had ALT normalization, 24% had HBeAg loss (21% seroconversion to anti-HBe antibody), and 6% experienced HBsAg loss (5% seroconversion to anti-HBs antibody) through Week 96. Emtricitabine was added to VIREAD in 15 (9%) subjects randomized to VIREAD, and in 13 (14%) subjects randomized to HEPSERA.
Across the combined HBV treatment studies, the number of subjects with lamivudine- or adefovir-resistance associated substitutions at baseline was too small to establish efficacy in this subgroup.
Last updated on RxList: 10/29/2009
VIREAD®
(VEER ee ad) Tablets
Generic Name: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (te NOE' fo veer dye soe PROX il FYOUmar- ate)
Read this leaflet carefully before you start taking VIREAD. Also, read it each time you get your VIREAD prescription refilled, in case something has changed. This information does not take the place of talking with your healthcare provider when you start this medicine and at check ups. You should stay under a healthcare provider's care when taking VIREAD. Do not change or stop your medicine without first talking with your healthcare provider. Talk to your healthcare provider if you have any questions about VIREAD.
What is the most important information I should know about VIREAD?
If you are infected with the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), you need close medical follow-up for several months after stopping treatment with VIREAD. Follow-up includes medical exams and blood tests to check for HBV that could be getting worse. Patients with Hepatitis B Virus infection, who take VIREAD and then stop it, may get “flare-ups” of their hepatitis. A “flare-up” is when the disease suddenly returns in a worse way than before.
What is VIREAD and how does it work?
VIREAD is a type of medicine called an HIV nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and an HBV polymerase inhibitor.
Use in the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection:
VIREAD is a treatment for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in adults age 18 years and older. VIREAD is always used in combination with other anti-HIV-1 medicines to treat people with HIV-1 infection.
HIV infection destroys CD4+ T cells, which are important to the immune system. After a large number of T cells are destroyed, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) develops.
VIREAD helps to block HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, a chemical in your body (enzyme) that is needed for HIV-1 to multiply. VIREAD lowers the amount of HIV-1 in the blood (called viral load) and may help to increase the number of T cells (called CD4+ cells). Lowering the amount of HIV-1 in the blood lowers the chance of death or infections that happen when your immune system is weak (opportunistic infections).
Use in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B:
VIREAD is also used to treat chronic hepatitis B (an infection with hepatitis B virus [HBV]) in adults age 18 years and older. VIREAD works by interfering with the normal working of an enzyme (HBV DNA polymerase) that is essential for the HBV virus to reproduce itself. VIREAD may help lower the amount of hepatitis B virus in your body by lowering the ability of the virus to multiply and infect new liver cells.
We do not know how long VIREAD may help your hepatitis. Sometimes viruses change in your body and medicines no longer work. This is called drug resistance.
Viread may improve the condition of your liver; but we do not know if VIREAD will reduce your chances of getting liver damage (cirrhosis) or liver cancer from chronic hepatitis B.
Does VIREAD cure HIV-1 or AIDS?
VIREAD does not cure HIV-1 infection or AIDS. The long-term effects of VIREAD are not known at this time. People taking VIREAD may still get opportunistic infections or other conditions that happen with HIV-1 infection. Opportunistic infections are infections that develop because the immune system is weak. Some of these conditions are pneumonia, herpes virus infections, and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections.
Does VIREAD reduce the risk of passing HIV-1 or HBV to others?
VIREAD does not reduce the risk of passing HIV-1 or HBV to others through sexual contact or blood contamination. Continue to practice safe sex and do not use or share dirty needles. Do not share personal items that can have blood or body fluids on them like toothbrushes or razor blades. A shot (vaccine) is available to protect people at risk for becoming infected with HBV.
Who should not take VIREAD?
Together with your healthcare provider, you need to decide whether VIREAD is right for you.
Do not take VIREAD if
What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking VIREAD?
Tell your healthcare provider
TELL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER ABOUT ALL THE MEDICINES YOU TAKE, INCLUDING PRESCRIPTION AND NON-PRESCRIPTION MEDICINES AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. ESPECIALLY TELL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IF YOU TAKE:
KEEP A COMPLETE LIST OF ALL THE MEDICINES THAT YOU TAKE. MAKE A NEW LIST WHEN MEDICINES ARE ADDED OR STOPPED. GIVE COPIES OF THIS LIST TO ALL OF YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS EVERY TIME YOU VISIT YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER OR FILL A PRESCRIPTION.
How should I take VIREAD?
What should I do if I miss a dose of VIREAD?
It is important that you do not miss any doses. If you miss a dose of VIREAD, take it as soon as possible and then take your next scheduled dose at its regular time. If it is almost time for your next dose, do not take the missed dose. Wait and take the next dose at the regular time. Do not double the next dose.
What happens if I take too much VIREAD?
If you suspect that you took more than the prescribed dose of VIREAD, contact your local poison control center or emergency room right away.
As with all medicines, VIREAD should be kept out of reach of children.
What should I avoid while taking VIREAD?
What are the possible side effects of VIREAD? (see also “What is the most important information I should know about VIREAD”)
How do I store VIREAD?
General advice about prescription medicines:
TALK TO YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS MEDICINE OR YOUR CONDITION. MEDICINES ARE SOMETIMES PRESCRIBED FOR PURPOSES OTHER THAN THOSE LISTED IN A PATIENT INFORMATION LEAFLET. IF YOU HAVE ANY CONCERNS ABOUT THIS MEDICINE, ASK YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER. YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER OR PHARMACIST CAN GIVE YOU INFORMATION ABOUT THIS MEDICINE THAT WAS WRITTEN FOR HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS. DO NOT USE THIS MEDICINE FOR A CONDITION FOR WHICH IT WAS NOT PRESCRIBED. DO NOT SHARE THIS MEDICINE WITH OTHER PEOPLE.
DO NOT USE IF SEAL OVER BOTTLE OPENING IS BROKEN OR MISSING.
What are the ingredients of VIREAD?
Active Ingredient: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Inactive Ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and pregelatinized starch. The tablets are coated with Opadry II Y-30-10671-A, which contains FD&C blue #2 aluminum lake, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 2910, lactose monohydrate, titanium dioxide, and triacetin.
Last updated on RxList: 10/28/2009
IMPORTANT NOTE: This is a summary and does not contain all possible information about this product. For complete information about this product or your specific health needs, ask your health care professional. Always seek the advice of your health care professional if you have any questions about this product or your medical condition. This information is not intended as individual medical advice and does not substitute for the knowledge and judgment of your health care professional. This information does not contain any assurances that this product is safe, effective, or appropriate for you.
TENOFOVIR - ORAL
(te-NOE-fo-veer)
COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Viread
WARNING: Rarely, tenofovir has caused a severe (sometimes fatal) liver and blood problem (lactic acidosis). Immediately tell your doctor if you develop symptoms of liver problems (persistent nausea, stomach/abdominal pain, dark urine, yellowing eyes/skin), or of lactic acidosis (rapid breathing, drowsiness, muscle aches).
If you have hepatitis B infection along with HIV, your hepatitis symptoms may get worse or become very serious if you stop taking tenofovir. Talk with your doctor before stopping this medication. Your doctor will perform liver function tests for several months after you stop tenofovir. Tell your doctor immediately if you develop symptoms of worsening liver problems.
USES: This drug, used in combination with other medications, helps to control your HIV infection, thereby improving your quality of life. It also lowers your risk of getting HIV complications (e.g., new infections, cancer). Tenofovir belongs to a class of drugs known as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Tenofovir is not a cure for HIV and it does not prevent the spread of HIV to others through sexual contact or blood contamination (e.g., sharing used needles).
OTHER USES: This section contains uses of this drug that are not listed in the approved professional labeling for the drug but that may be prescribed by your health care professional. Use this drug for a condition that is listed in this section only if it has been so prescribed by your health care professional.
This medication may also be used in a person who is not infected with HIV. When used properly with other medications as directed by a doctor, tenofovir might prevent HIV infection after possible contact with the virus (e.g., accidental needle stick).
HOW TO USE: Read the Patient Information Leaflet provided by your pharmacist before you start taking tenofovir and each time you get a refill. If you have any questions regarding the information, consult your doctor or pharmacist.
Take this medication by mouth with or without food, usually once daily or as directed by your doctor.
Dosage is based on your weight, kidney function, medical condition, and response to therapy.
It is very important to continue taking this medication (and other HIV medications) exactly as prescribed by your doctor.
This medication works best when the amount of drug in your body is kept at a constant level. Therefore, take this drug at evenly spaced intervals. To help you remember, take it at the same time each day.
Do not take more or less of this drug than prescribed or stop taking it (or other HIV medicines) even for a short time unless directed to do so by your doctor. Skipping or changing your dose without approval from your doctor may cause the amount of virus to increase, make the infection more difficult to treat (resistant), or worsen side effects.
Dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain, gas, headache, trouble sleeping, loss of appetite, or weakness may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, notify your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.
Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: mental/mood changes (e.g., depression, anxiety), tingling/numbness of hands or feet.
Tell your doctor immediately if any of these rare but very serious side effects occur: bone pain, stomach/back pain with or without nausea/vomiting, muscle tenderness/pain/weakness, new fever, chills, cough, breathing problems, weight loss, new diarrhea, sore throat, pink/bloody urine, change in the amount of urine.
Changes in body fat may occur while you are taking this medication (e.g., increased fat in the upper back and stomach areas, decreased fat in the arms and legs). The cause and long-term effects of these changes are unknown. Discuss the risks and benefits of therapy with your doctor, as well as the possible role of exercise to reduce this side effect.
If you are taking HIV medications for the first time, you may experience symptoms of an old infection. This may happen as your immune system begins to work better. Contact your doctor immediately if you notice any of the following symptoms: new cough, trouble breathing, fever, new vision problems, new headaches, new skin problems.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is unlikely, but seek immediate medical attention if it occurs. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction may include: rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, trouble breathing.
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.
Contact your doctor for medical advice about side effects. The following numbers do not provide medical advice, but in the US you may report side effects to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at 1-800-FDA-1088. In Canada, you may call Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
PRECAUTIONS: Before taking tenofovir, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: pancreatitis with other HIV medicines, kidney problems, liver problems (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cirrhosis), alcohol use, bone problems (e.g., osteopenia, osteoporosis, pathologic bone fracture).
This drug may make you dizzy; use caution engaging in activities requiring alertness such as driving or using machinery. Limit alcoholic beverages.
Caution is advised when using this drug in children because they may be more sensitive to the effects of the drug, especially the increased risk of pancreatitis.
Kidney function declines as you grow older. This medication is removed by the kidneys. Therefore, caution is advised when using this drug in the elderly because they may be more sensitive to the effects of the drug.
This medication should be used only when clearly needed during pregnancy. However, it is now normal to prescribe HIV medicines for pregnant women with HIV. This has been shown to decrease the risk of giving HIV to the baby. Tenofovir may be part of that treatment. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.
It is not known if tenofovir passes into breast milk. Because breast milk can transmit HIV, do not breast-feed.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and nonprescription/herbal products you may use, especially of: lopinavir/ritonavir, atazanavir, didanosine.
Some drugs may also change the way your body gets rid of tenofovir (e.g., adefovir, cidofovir, acyclovir, valacyclovir, ganciclovir, valganciclovir). If you are currently using any of these medications listed above, tell your doctor or pharmacist before starting tenofovir.
Some HIV medications contain 2 different drugs in 1 product. Tenofovir is often used in such combinations. Check the labels of all your medications to see if they contain tenofovir. Do not take 2 medications that both contain tenofovir without checking with your doctor first.
If you are taking medications that can cause kidney problems (e.g., amphotericin B, vancomycin, cyclosporine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or naproxen), you may be at higher risk for having kidney problems (including kidney failure) from tenofovir. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for other drugs that can cause kidney problems. You may also need to have kidney tests done more often to monitor for problems.
This document does not contain all possible interactions. Therefore, before using this product, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the products you use. Keep a list of all your medications with you, and share the list with your doctor and pharmacist.
OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents can call the US national poison hotline at 1-800-222-1222. Canadian residents should call their local poison control center directly.
NOTES: To reduce the risk of spreading HIV to others, always use effective barrier protections (e.g., latex or polyurethane condoms, dental dams) during all sexual activity. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for more details.
Do not share this medication with others.
Laboratory and/or medical tests (e.g., kidney tests, liver tests, viral load, t-cell counts) should be performed periodically to monitor your progress or check for side effects. Consult your doctor for more details.
Keep all medical and laboratory appointments.
MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember unless it is less than 2 hours before the time for your next dose. In that case, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.
STORAGE: Store at room temperature at 77 degrees F (25 degrees C) away from light and moisture. Brief storage between 59-86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C) is permitted. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medicines away from children and pets.
Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product.
MEDICAL ALERT: Your condition can cause complications in a medical emergency. For enrollment information call MedicAlert at 1-800-854-1166 (USA) or 1-800-668-1507 (Canada).
Information last revised July 2008 Copyright(c) 2008 First DataBank, Inc.
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